Bihar Judiciary Mock Test 2 — Questions & Solutions
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A sum of money becomes double in 8 years at a certain rate of simple interest. In how many years will the same sum become four times of itself at the same rate?
a16 years
b32 years
c24 years
d12 years
Answer: C
Doubling in 8 years means simple interest equal to the principal accrues in 8 years, i.e. 12.5 per cent per year. To become four times, interest equal to three times the principal is needed, requiring 3 x 8 = 24 years.
The province of Bihar and Orissa was carved out of the Bengal Presidency, with Patna as its capital, in the year
a1905
b1912
c1919
d1936
Answer: B
On 22 March 1912 the Bihar and Orissa Province was created by separating it from the Bengal Presidency, with Patna as capital; this date is now observed as Bihar Diwas.
Which river, a left-bank tributary of the Ganga that originates beyond India, is popularly known as the 'Sorrow of Bihar'?
aKosi
bBagmati
cGandak
dSon
Answer: A
The Kosi river, owing to its frequent and destructive flooding and shifting course in north Bihar, is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar'; it is a left-bank tributary of the Ganga.
Under the Constitution of India, the power of a State Governor to grant pardons, reprieves and remissions of punishment is provided in
aArticle 161
bArticle 72
cArticle 163
dArticle 213
Answer: A
Article 161 empowers the Governor of a State to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment for offences against laws relating to matters within the State's executive power; the corresponding power of the President is under Article 72.
The 'First Battle of Panipat' (1526), which established Mughal rule in India, was fought between Babur and
aRana Sanga
bIbrahim Lodi
cSher Shah Suri
dHemu
Answer: B
In the First Battle of Panipat (1526), Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate, laying the foundation of the Mughal Empire.
If in a certain code language 'FROG' is written as 'GSPH', then how will the word 'BIRD' be written in the same code?
aCJSF
bAHQC
cCJSE
dCKSE
Answer: C
Each letter is replaced by the next letter in the alphabet (F to G, R to S, O to P, G to H). Applying the same rule to BIRD gives C, J, S, E, i.e. CJSE.
A sum of money becomes Rs. 1,100 in 2 years and Rs. 1,200 in 4 years at simple interest. What is the original principal sum?
aRs. 1,000
bRs. 900
cRs. 950
dRs. 1,050
Answer: A
The interest for 2 years is Rs. 1,200 - Rs. 1,100 = Rs. 100, so the interest for each 2-year period is Rs. 100. Hence interest for the first 2 years is Rs. 100, and the principal is Rs. 1,100 - Rs. 100 = Rs. 1,000.
The historic peasant movement that brought Mahatma Gandhi to Bihar in 1917, directed against the forced indigo cultivation by European planters, was the
aBardoli Satyagraha
bChamparan Satyagraha
cKheda Satyagraha
dBijolia Movement
Answer: B
The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) in Bihar was Gandhi's first major civil-disobedience campaign in India, launched against the oppressive tinkathia indigo system imposed on peasants by European planters.
The ancient university of Nalanda, whose ruins lie in present-day Bihar, was given its greatest patronage and was founded as a mahavihara under which dynasty?
aMaurya dynasty
bSunga dynasty
cPala dynasty
dGupta dynasty
Answer: D
Nalanda Mahavihara is generally held to have been founded under Gupta patronage (commonly attributed to Kumaragupta I in the 5th century CE) and later flourished under the Palas.
Under the Constitution of India, the power to constitute and abolish a Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) in a State rests with
athe Governor of the State alone
bParliament, on a resolution passed by the State Legislative Assembly
cthe President by ordinance
dthe Election Commission of India
Answer: B
Under Article 169, Parliament may by law create or abolish a State Legislative Council if the Legislative Assembly passes a resolution by a special majority. Bihar is among the States with a bicameral legislature.
The Permanent Settlement of land revenue, introduced in 1793 and applied extensively in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, is chiefly associated with which Governor-General?
aWarren Hastings
bLord Cornwallis
cLord Wellesley
dLord Dalhousie
Answer: B
Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement (Zamindari system) in 1793, fixing land revenue with zamindars in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
Who was elected the Speaker of the 18th Lok Sabha in June 2024, retaining the post for a second consecutive term?
aOm Birla
bSumitra Mahajan
cK. Suresh
dMeira Kumar
Answer: A
Om Birla, MP from Kota, was re-elected Speaker of the 18th Lok Sabha on 26 June 2024, becoming the second Speaker after Balram Jakhar to hold the office for two consecutive full terms.
The Bodhi tree at Bodh Gaya in Bihar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is venerated because it marks the place where Gautama Buddha attained
ahis first sermon
benlightenment (nirvana/bodhi)
chis birth
dmahaparinirvana (death)
Answer: B
The Mahabodhi Temple complex at Bodh Gaya marks the site where Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree; his first sermon was at Sarnath and his death at Kushinagar.
Choose the option that correctly fills the blank: 'The judge directed that the accused _____ produced before the court at once.'
abe
bis
cwas
dhas
Answer: A
After verbs of command such as 'directed/ordered', the subjunctive mood requires the base form 'be', making 'the accused be produced' the grammatically correct construction.
The famous ancient seat of learning, Nalanda University, situated in present-day Bihar, is traditionally believed to have been founded by which Gupta ruler?
aChandragupta II
bKumaragupta I
cSamudragupta
dSkandagupta
Answer: B
Nalanda Mahavihara was founded in the early 5th century CE by the Gupta emperor Kumaragupta I (Shakraditya). It flourished for some six centuries before its destruction in the late 12th century.
Mahatma Gandhi first applied his technique of Satyagraha on Indian soil in 1917 in connection with the grievances of indigo cultivators at
aKheda
bBardoli
cAhmedabad
dChamparan
Answer: D
The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 in Bihar was Gandhi's first experiment with Satyagraha in India, taken up to redress the exploitation of indigo planters under the tinkathia system.
Bihar Diwas, celebrated every year on 22 March, commemorates the day in 1912 on which the province of Bihar was
acarved out as a separate province from the Bengal Presidency
bmerged with Orissa to form a single state
cgranted the status of a full statehood under the Constitution
ddivided to create the new State of Jharkhand
Answer: A
On 22 March 1912 the British administration separated Bihar (along with Orissa) from the Bengal Presidency, creating the province of Bihar and Orissa with Patna as its capital. The day is observed as Bihar Diwas.
The Patna High Court, which exercises jurisdiction over the State of Bihar, was established in the year
a1862
b1916
c1935
d1950
Answer: B
The Patna High Court was established in 1916 (commencing work on 1 March 1916) under a Letters Patent, making it one of the older High Courts in India.
Which river, on account of its frequent and devastating annual floods, is popularly described as the 'Sorrow of Bihar'?
aKosi
bGandak
cSone
dBagmati
Answer: A
The Kosi River is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar' because its shifting course and annual floods devastate large tracts of fertile agricultural land in north Bihar.
Under the Constitution of India, the power of a State Legislature to make laws is enumerated in which List of the Seventh Schedule?
aUnion List
bResiduary List
cConcurrent List
dState List
Answer: D
The State List (List II) of the Seventh Schedule enumerates subjects on which State Legislatures are competent to legislate, while Parliament legislates on the Union List (List I).
Which Article of the Constitution of India confers upon the Supreme Court the power to issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights?
aArticle 136
bArticle 32
cArticle 226
dArticle 14
Answer: B
Article 32 guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights through writs; Dr. Ambedkar called it the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution. (Article 226 confers similar but wider writ powers on High Courts.)
The 2025 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to María Corina Machado for her work promoting democratic rights in which country?
aColombia
bBolivia
cVenezuela
dNicaragua
Answer: C
The Nobel Peace Prize 2025 was awarded to Venezuelan opposition leader María Corina Machado for her efforts to promote democratic rights and a peaceful transition to democracy in Venezuela.
Which team won the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2023 by defeating India in the final played at Ahmedabad?
aAustralia
bNew Zealand
cEngland
dSouth Africa
Answer: A
Australia, led by Pat Cummins, defeated India by six wickets in the final at the Narendra Modi Stadium, Ahmedabad on 19 November 2023, lifting their sixth ODI World Cup title.
In the human body, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air takes place in tiny air sacs of the lungs known as
abronchioles
bnephrons
calveoli
dvilli
Answer: C
Gaseous exchange in the lungs occurs across the thin walls of the alveoli, the microscopic air sacs surrounded by capillaries. (Nephrons are in the kidney and villi in the small intestine.)
Choose the option that correctly fills the blank: 'Neither the judge nor the lawyers ____ satisfied with the new procedural rules.'
awas
bis
cwere
dhas been
Answer: C
In a 'neither...nor' construction the verb agrees with the nearer subject. Here the nearer subject 'lawyers' is plural, so the correct verb is the plural 'were'.
Bihar Diwas is observed every year on 22nd March to commemorate the event of
athe separation of Bihar from the Bengal Presidency in 1912
bthe merger of the princely states into Bihar in 1948
cthe bifurcation of Bihar and the creation of Jharkhand in 2000
dthe first session of the Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1937
Answer: A
On 22 March 1912 the Bihar and Orissa divisions were carved out of the Bengal Presidency to form a separate province, and this date is celebrated as Bihar Diwas.
According to the data of the Census of India, Bihar is the State having the highest
aliteracy rate
bsex ratio
cpopulation density (persons per square kilometre)
dper capita income
Answer: C
Bihar is the most densely populated major State of India, with about 1,100+ persons per square kilometre as per the 2011 Census, the highest among Indian States.
Mahatma Gandhi launched his first Satyagraha in India in 1917 at Champaran in Bihar over the grievances of cultivators relating to
acompulsory indigo cultivation under the Tinkathia system
bsalt tax
cland revenue settlement
dforest rights
Answer: A
The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was against the oppressive Tinkathia system that forced peasants to grow indigo on a portion of their land for European planters.
The ancient university of Nalanda, an important centre of Buddhist learning whose ruins lie in present-day Bihar, was destroyed in the late 12th century by
aMahmud of Ghazni
bMuhammad Ghori
cTimur
dBakhtiyar Khilji
Answer: D
The Mahavihara at Nalanda was sacked and burnt around 1193 CE by the Turkish commander Bakhtiyar Khilji.
The 2030 Commonwealth Games (the Centenary Games) will be hosted by which city, marking India's return as host after the 2010 New Delhi edition?
aMumbai
bBengaluru
cAhmedabad
dHyderabad
Answer: C
In November 2025 Commonwealth Sport confirmed Ahmedabad as the host city of the 2030 Commonwealth Games, the second time India will stage the event after Delhi 2010.
Under the Constitution of India, the power to constitute Gram Nyayalayas and Panchayati Raj institutions in a State such as Bihar derives primarily from
athe 42nd Constitutional Amendment
bthe 86th Constitutional Amendment
cthe 73rd Constitutional Amendment
dthe 101st Constitutional Amendment
Answer: C
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions by inserting Part IX and the Eleventh Schedule.
The river that originates near Amarkantak and forms a major part of the boundary between Bihar and Jharkhand, before joining the Ganga near Patna, is the
aGandak
bKosi
cSon (Sone)
dBagmati
Answer: C
The Son river rises near Amarkantak and flows north-east to join the Ganga just west of Patna; it is the second largest of the Ganga's southern tributaries.
Which one of the following Article-based safeguards declares that the Constitution of India shall be the supreme law and any law inconsistent with the fundamental rights shall be void?
aArticle 13
bArticle 12
cArticle 19
dArticle 32
Answer: A
Article 13 provides that any law inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights guaranteed in Part III shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India and a son of the soil of Bihar, presided over which body before becoming President?
aThe Planning Commission
bThe Indian National Army
cThe first Lok Sabha as Speaker
dThe Constituent Assembly of India
Answer: D
Dr. Rajendra Prasad, born at Ziradei in Bihar, was elected President of the Constituent Assembly of India in December 1946 before becoming the first President of the Republic.
If a number of identical resistors each of resistance R are connected in parallel, the total (equivalent) resistance of the combination is
aalways greater than R
bsmaller than the smallest individual resistance
cequal to R
dequal to the sum of all the resistances
Answer: B
For resistors in parallel, the reciprocal of the equivalent resistance equals the sum of reciprocals, so the equivalent resistance is always less than the smallest individual resistor.
The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917, regarded as Mahatma Gandhi's first satyagraha on Indian soil, was launched in Bihar primarily to redress the grievances of
aIndigo cultivators oppressed under the Tinkathia system
bPlantation labourers in the tea estates
cWeavers ruined by foreign cloth
dSalt-makers along the coast
Answer: A
Persuaded by Rajkumar Shukla, Gandhi reached Champaran in April 1917 to investigate the plight of indigo ryots forced to grow indigo under the Tinkathia system, leading to the Champaran Agrarian Act, 1918.
Which river, on account of its frequent and devastating floods in the northern plains, is popularly called the 'Sorrow of Bihar'?
aKosi
bBagmati
cGandak
dSon
Answer: A
The Kosi, a left-bank tributary of the Ganga formed by the confluence of the Sun Kosi, Arun and Tamur rising in Nepal and Tibet, is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar' due to its annual flooding.
The archaeological remains of the Nalanda Mahavihara in Bihar were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in the year
a2016
b2010
c2002
d2019
Answer: A
The Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 15 July 2016, becoming Bihar's second such site after the Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya.
The 2023 G20 Leaders' Summit, held under India's presidency, took place in
aNew Delhi
bMumbai
cBengaluru
dVaranasi
Answer: A
India hosted the G20 Leaders' Summit on 9-10 September 2023 at Bharat Mandapam, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, under the theme 'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam - One Earth, One Family, One Future'.
Under the Constitution of India, the Right to Education for children of the age of six to fourteen years is guaranteed as a fundamental right under
aArticle 21
bArticle 21A
cArticle 19
dArticle 45
Answer: B
Article 21A, inserted by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002, makes free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 years a fundamental right.
The First Battle of Panipat (1526), in which Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi and laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire in India, is notable as one of the earliest Indian battles in which there was extensive use of
aWar elephants
bArmoured cavalry alone
cNaval forces
dField artillery and gunpowder
Answer: D
At Panipat in 1526, Babur effectively used field artillery (cannon and matchlocks) together with the Tulughma tactic to rout the much larger army of Ibrahim Lodi.
The river often described as the 'Sorrow of Bihar' on account of its frequent floods and shifting course is the
aGandak
bSon
cKosi
dBagmati
Answer: C
The Kosi, formed by the union of the Sun Kosi, Arun and Tamur streams rising in Nepal and Tibet, is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar' because its annual floods devastate large areas of fertile land.
Mahatma Gandhi's first Satyagraha in India, launched in 1917 on behalf of indigo cultivators, took place at
aChamparan
bKheda
cBardoli
dAhmedabad
Answer: A
The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 in Bihar, against the oppressive tinkathia indigo system, was Gandhi's first major civil disobedience movement in India.
The Indian constitutional provision that empowers the President to proclaim a state of emergency on grounds of failure of the constitutional machinery in a State is contained in
aArticle 352
bArticle 360
cArticle 356
dArticle 368
Answer: C
Article 356 provides for President's Rule (State Emergency) when the government of a State cannot be carried on in accordance with the Constitution; Article 352 deals with national emergency and Article 360 with financial emergency.
Which of the following Fundamental Rights is available only to citizens of India and NOT to foreigners?
aRight to equality before law under Article 14
bRight to protection of life and personal liberty under Article 21
cRight against exploitation under Article 23
dRight to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19
Answer: D
The six freedoms under Article 19 (including freedom of speech and expression) are guaranteed only to citizens, whereas Articles 14 and 21 protect 'any person' including foreigners.
The Nalanda Mahavihara, the ruins of which are a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is located in which present-day Indian State?
aBihar
bUttar Pradesh
cWest Bengal
dOdisha
Answer: A
The ancient Buddhist seat of learning Nalanda is situated in the present-day Nalanda district of Bihar and was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2016.
Mahatma Gandhi launched his first Satyagraha in India in 1917 against the exploitative indigo planters of which present-day Bihar region?
aBhagalpur
bSaran
cChamparan
dMunger
Answer: C
The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was Gandhi's first satyagraha in India, directed against the oppressive Tinkathia indigo system imposed on peasants by European planters in the Champaran district of Bihar.
Bihar Diwas, observed on 22 March each year, commemorates the carving out of Bihar (and Orissa) from which province in 1912?
aMadras Presidency
bBengal Presidency
cCentral Provinces
dUnited Provinces
Answer: B
On 22 March 1912 the Province of Bihar and Orissa was separated from the Bengal Presidency under British rule; the day is celebrated annually as Bihar Diwas.
The ancient Nalanda Mahavihara in Bihar is traditionally credited to which Gupta ruler?
aChandragupta II
bKumaragupta I
cSamudragupta
dSkandagupta
Answer: B
Nalanda is traditionally said to have been founded in the 5th century CE by the Gupta emperor Kumaragupta I (Shakraditya), in the ancient region of Magadha in present-day Bihar.
Article 280 of the Constitution of India provides for the constitution of which body?
aElection Commission
bFinance Commission
cUnion Public Service Commission
dInter-State Council
Answer: B
Article 280 empowers the President to constitute a Finance Commission to recommend the distribution of tax proceeds between the Union and the States and principles for grants-in-aid.
Which ancient capital of the Magadha empire, located in present-day Bihar, was an important seat of power under the Haryanka, Nanda and Maurya dynasties?
aPataliputra
bUjjain
cKannauj
dTaxila
Answer: A
Pataliputra (modern Patna) served as the capital of Magadha and later of the Nanda and Mauryan empires, making it one of ancient India's foremost political centres.
Under which Article does the Constitution of India guarantee the Right to Constitutional Remedies, allowing direct approach to the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights?
aArticle 19
bArticle 21
cArticle 44
dArticle 32
Answer: D
Article 32 confers the Right to Constitutional Remedies, empowering a person to move the Supreme Court directly for enforcement of Fundamental Rights; Dr. Ambedkar called it the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution.
Which gas, produced by green plants during photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight, is released as a by-product?
aCarbon dioxide
bNitrogen
cHydrogen
dOxygen
Answer: D
During photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide and water with light energy to make glucose, releasing oxygen as a by-product from the splitting of water molecules.
The Mahabodhi Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site marking the place where the Buddha attained enlightenment, is located in which town of Bihar?
aRajgir
bNalanda
cVaishali
dBodh Gaya
Answer: D
The Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya, Bihar, marks the spot where Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment and was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002.
Lieutenant General (Retd.) Syed Ata Hasnain, sworn in as the 43rd Governor of Bihar in 2026, is notable for being the first person from which background to hold that office?
aIndian Police Service
bIndian Foreign Service
cJudiciary
dIndian Army
Answer: D
Syed Ata Hasnain, a retired Indian Army Lieutenant General, was sworn in as the 43rd Governor of Bihar in March 2026, becoming the first former Army officer to hold the post.
The Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution, dealing with the powers and functions of Panchayats, contains how many subjects?
a18 subjects
b29 subjects
c12 subjects
d66 subjects
Answer: B
The Eleventh Schedule, inserted by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, lists 29 subjects that may be devolved upon Panchayats; the Twelfth Schedule (74th Amendment) lists 18 subjects for Municipalities.
The directive that the State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India is contained in
aArticle 40
bArticle 48
cArticle 44
dArticle 51
Answer: C
Article 44, a Directive Principle in Part IV, directs the State to endeavour to secure a uniform civil code for the citizens throughout the territory of India.
In which case did the Supreme Court hold that the 'procedure established by law' under Article 21 must be fair, just and reasonable, importing the principles of natural justice?
aA. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
bManeka Gandhi v. Union of India
cADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla
dState of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan
Answer: B
In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the Supreme Court held that the procedure depriving a person of life or personal liberty under Article 21 must be fair, just and reasonable, overruling the narrow view in A. K. Gopalan.
The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls and the conduct of elections to Parliament and State Legislatures is vested in the Election Commission by
aArticle 338
bArticle 280
cArticle 315
dArticle 324
Answer: D
Article 324 vests the superintendence, direction and control of elections to Parliament, State Legislatures and the offices of President and Vice-President in the Election Commission of India.
The President of India can be impeached under Article 61 only on the ground of
aproved misbehaviour or incapacity
bloss of confidence of Parliament
ctreason and corruption
dviolation of the Constitution
Answer: D
Article 61 provides that the President may be removed from office by impeachment only for 'violation of the Constitution', and the charge must be passed by a two-thirds majority of the total membership of each House.
The Directive Principles of State Policy are contained in which Part of the Constitution?
aPart III
bPart IVA
cPart IV
dPart V
Answer: C
The Directive Principles of State Policy are enshrined in Part IV (Articles 36 to 51) of the Constitution; they are non-justiciable but fundamental in the governance of the country.
The organisation of village panchayats as units of self-government is directed by which Article of the Constitution?
aArticle 39
bArticle 45
cArticle 43
dArticle 40
Answer: D
Article 40, a Directive Principle, requires the State to take steps to organise village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may enable them to function as units of self-government.
Under which Article of the Constitution are appointments, postings and promotions of district judges in a State made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court?
aArticle 217
bArticle 236
cArticle 235
dArticle 233
Answer: D
Article 233(1) provides that appointment, posting and promotion of district judges shall be made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in the State.
Control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto, including posting, promotion and grant of leave to persons holding posts inferior to that of district judge, is vested in the High Court by
aArticle 233
bArticle 234
cArticle 237
dArticle 235
Answer: D
Article 235 vests in the High Court control over district courts and subordinate courts, including the posting, promotion and grant of leave to members of the State judicial service below the rank of district judge.
A person not already in the service of the Union or the State is eligible to be appointed a district judge under Article 233 only if he has been an advocate or pleader for not less than
aFive years
bThree years
cTen years
dSeven years
Answer: D
Article 233(2) requires that such a person must have been an advocate or pleader for not less than seven years and be recommended by the High Court for appointment.
The power of the Governor of a State to promulgate Ordinances when the State Legislature is not in session is contained in
aArticle 123
bArticle 200
cArticle 213
dArticle 356
Answer: C
Article 213 empowers the Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of the State Legislature; Article 123 is its Union counterpart relating to the President.
An Ordinance promulgated by the Governor under Article 213 must be laid before the State Legislature and ceases to operate at the expiration of how many weeks from its reassembly, unless approved earlier?
aFour weeks
bEight weeks
cSix weeks
dTwelve weeks
Answer: C
Under Article 213(2)(a), an Ordinance ceases to operate at the expiry of six weeks from the reassembly of the Legislature unless a resolution disapproving it is passed earlier or it is approved.
Parliament may by law provide for the creation of a new All-India Service common to the Union and the States only if the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) has first passed a resolution supported by
aA simple majority of members present and voting
bNot less than two-thirds of the members present and voting
cA majority of the total membership of the House
dThree-fourths of the members present and voting
Answer: B
Article 312 requires the Rajya Sabha to pass, by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting, a resolution that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest to create such a service.
When the State of Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar by the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000, the consequential change in the list of States was effected by amending
aThe First Schedule
bThe Fourth Schedule
cThe Seventh Schedule
dThe Ninth Schedule
Answer: A
The First Schedule to the Constitution sets out the names and territories of the States; the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 amended this Schedule to insert the State of Jharkhand.
Under Article 243 of the Constitution, the expression 'village' means a village specified by public notification to be a village for the purposes of Part IX by the
aState Election Commission
bDistrict Collector
cState Legislature by resolution
dGovernor
Answer: D
Article 243(g) defines 'village' as a village specified by the Governor by public notification to be a village for the purposes of Part IX, including a group of villages so specified.
The provision in Article 20(2) of the Constitution embodying the rule that no person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once is the constitutional guarantee against
aEx post facto law
bDouble jeopardy
cSelf-incrimination
dPreventive detention
Answer: B
Article 20(2) guarantees protection against double jeopardy; Article 20(1) deals with ex post facto laws and Article 20(3) with self-incrimination.
The writ which is issued to call upon a person holding a public office to show by what authority he holds it, and to oust him if the holding is unlawful, is the writ of
aMandamus
bCertiorari
cProhibition
dQuo Warranto
Answer: D
Quo Warranto questions the legal authority of a person to hold a public office and can result in ouster from a usurped office; it lies under Articles 32 and 226.
The power of the High Court to issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights and for any other purpose is conferred by
aArticle 32
bArticle 227
cArticle 226
dArticle 136
Answer: C
Article 226 empowers every High Court to issue writs not only for enforcement of fundamental rights but also for 'any other purpose'; Article 32 confers an analogous but narrower power on the Supreme Court limited to fundamental rights.
The doctrine of 'basic structure', restricting Parliament's power of constitutional amendment under Article 368, was authoritatively propounded by the Supreme Court in
aGolak Nath v. State of Punjab
bMinerva Mills v. Union of India
cKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
dA.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
Answer: C
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, AIR 1973 SC 1461, the Supreme Court held that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution so as to destroy or damage its basic structure.
The expression 'the State' for the purposes of Part III (Fundamental Rights) is defined in
aArticle 12
bArticle 11
cArticle 13
dArticle 36
Answer: A
Article 12 defines 'the State' to include the Government and Parliament of India, the Government and Legislature of each State, and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India.
Under Article 233 of the Constitution, the appointment of a person to be a district judge in a State is made by
athe Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State
bthe Chief Justice of the High Court alone
cthe President in consultation with the Chief Justice of India
dthe State Public Service Commission on the recommendation of the Governor
Answer: A
Article 233(1) provides that appointments, posting and promotion of district judges in a State are made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to that State.
A person not already in the service of the Union or of the State is eligible to be appointed a district judge under Article 233(2) only if he has been an advocate or pleader for not less than
afive years and is recommended by the High Court
bseven years and is recommended by the High Court
cten years and is recommended by the Governor
dthree years and is recommended by the State Bar Council
Answer: B
Article 233(2) requires a minimum of seven years' practice as an advocate or pleader and a recommendation by the High Court for direct appointment as a district judge from the Bar.
The control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto, including the posting, promotion and grant of leave to persons belonging to the judicial service of a State and holding any post inferior to that of district judge, is vested by the Constitution in
athe High Court
bthe Governor
cthe State Government
dthe District Magistrate
Answer: A
Article 235 vests in the High Court the control over district courts and subordinate courts, including posting, promotion and grant of leave to members of the State judicial service below the rank of district judge.
The power of a High Court to issue writs under Article 226 is, in one respect, wider than the power of the Supreme Court under Article 32 because Article 226 may be invoked
aonly for enforcement of fundamental rights
beven during suspension of Article 32 by a proclamation of emergency
conly against the Central Government
dfor enforcement of fundamental rights as well as for any other purpose
Answer: D
Article 226 empowers a High Court to issue writs not only for enforcement of fundamental rights but also for 'any other purpose', i.e. for enforcement of ordinary legal rights, making its scope wider than Article 32.
Under which Article does every High Court have power of superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction?
aArticle 227
bArticle 226
cArticle 235
dArticle 136
Answer: A
Article 227 confers on every High Court the power of superintendence (administrative and judicial) over all courts and tribunals within its territorial jurisdiction, except courts constituted under any law relating to the armed forces.
To be qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High Court under Article 217, a person who has been an advocate must have held that status (of a High Court, or of two or more such courts in succession) for at least
aten years
bseven years
cfive years
dtwelve years
Answer: A
Article 217(2)(b) requires at least ten years' standing as an advocate of a High Court (or of two or more such courts in succession) for appointment as a High Court Judge.
Under Article 124(3), a citizen of India who has been a Judge of a High Court (or of two or more such courts in succession) is qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court if he has held that office for at least
athree years
bfive years
cseven years
dten years
Answer: B
Article 124(3)(a) prescribes a minimum of five years as a Judge of a High Court (or of two or more such courts in succession) as one of the qualifications for appointment to the Supreme Court.
The Directive Principle requiring the State to take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State is contained in
aArticle 50
bArticle 39A
cArticle 51
dArticle 44
Answer: A
Article 50, a Directive Principle of State Policy, directs the State to take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.
The doctrine that Parliament cannot, in exercise of its amending power under Article 368, alter the 'basic structure' of the Constitution was propounded by the Supreme Court in
aKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
bGolak Nath v. State of Punjab
cMinerva Mills v. Union of India
dA.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
Answer: A
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), a 13-Judge Bench held by a 7:6 majority that Parliament's amending power under Article 368 does not extend to altering the basic structure of the Constitution.
The power of the Governor of a State to promulgate ordinances during the recess of the State Legislature is conferred by
aArticle 123
bArticle 356
cArticle 213
dArticle 200
Answer: C
Article 213 empowers the Governor to promulgate ordinances when the Legislative Assembly (or both Houses, where there is a Council) is not in session, if he is satisfied that immediate action is necessary. (Article 123 is the analogous power of the President.)
Article 233A of the Constitution, which validates certain appointments of and judgments delivered by district judges made otherwise than in accordance with Articles 233 and 235, was inserted by
Article 233A was inserted by the Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966 to retrospectively validate appointments, postings, promotions and transfers of district judges, and judgments delivered by them, that did not strictly conform to Articles 233 and 235.
The Supreme Court first recognised the right to a speedy trial as part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21, while dealing with undertrial prisoners languishing in jails of Bihar, in
aManeka Gandhi v. Union of India
bSheela Barse v. State of Maharashtra
cSunil Batra v. Delhi Administration
dHussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar
Answer: D
In Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar (1979), arising from undertrial prisoners detained for years in Bihar jails, the Supreme Court held that the right to a speedy trial is an integral part of the fundamental right under Article 21.
While a Judge of a High Court appointed under Article 217 holds office until the age of 62 years, the Constitution prescribes for such appointment
ano minimum age limit
ba minimum age of 35 years
ca minimum age of 45 years
da minimum age of 40 years
Answer: A
Article 217 fixes the retiring age of a High Court Judge at 62 years but prescribes no minimum age for appointment; eligibility rests on the qualifications of judicial office or advocacy specified in clause (2).
In All India Judges Association v. Union of India (2025), the Supreme Court, reinforcing the constitutional scheme for the State judicial service, restored a minimum period of legal practice as a condition for direct recruitment to the post of Civil Judge (Junior Division) of
aone year
bthree years
ctwo years
dseven years
Answer: B
In its 20 May 2025 judgment in All India Judges Association v. Union of India, the Supreme Court restored a minimum of three years' practice as an advocate (counted from provisional enrolment) as a precondition for eligibility to the Civil Judge (Junior Division) examination.
Under Article 368 of the Constitution, the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution does not extend to altering or destroying its 'basic structure'. This limitation on the amending power was laid down by the Supreme Court in
aKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
bGolak Nath v. State of Punjab
cMinerva Mills v. Union of India
dA.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
Answer: A
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973) 4 SCC 225, a 13-Judge Bench held that Parliament may amend any provision under Article 368 but cannot alter the basic structure of the Constitution.
Parliament may create one or more All India Services common to the Union and the States if the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) declares by resolution that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest. Under which Article, and supported by what majority, may such a resolution be passed?
aArticle 309, supported by an absolute majority of the total membership
bArticle 312, supported by a simple majority of members present and voting
cArticle 312, supported by not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting
dArticle 315, supported by not less than two-thirds of the total membership
Answer: C
Article 312(1) requires the Rajya Sabha to pass the resolution by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting before Parliament can create a new All India Service.
The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 substituted 'SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC' for 'SOVEREIGN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC' and added 'and integrity' to the Preamble.
Appointment of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, District Judges in any State is made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to that State. This is provided in
aArticle 124
bArticle 235
cArticle 217
dArticle 233
Answer: D
Article 233(1) vests the appointment, posting and promotion of District Judges in the Governor acting in consultation with the High Court. Control over subordinate courts is separately dealt with under Article 235.
The control over District Courts and courts subordinate thereto, including the posting, promotion and grant of leave to persons holding posts inferior to that of District Judge, is vested in
athe State Government
bthe High Court
cthe Governor
dthe State Public Service Commission
Answer: B
Article 235 vests control over the subordinate judiciary, including posting, promotion and leave of officers below District Judge, in the High Court, thereby securing judicial independence.
The writ jurisdiction of a High Court under Article 226 is wider than that of the Supreme Court under Article 32 chiefly because Article 226 permits the issue of writs
aonly for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights
bfor the enforcement of Fundamental Rights and 'for any other purpose'
conly against the State and its instrumentalities
donly where no alternative remedy is available
Answer: B
Article 226(1) empowers a High Court to issue writs both for enforcement of Part III rights and 'for any other purpose'; these latter words, absent from Article 32, make its jurisdiction wider.
Parliament may by law provide for the abolition or creation of a Legislative Council in a State only if the Legislative Assembly of that State first passes a resolution by a majority of the total membership of the Assembly and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting. This procedure is contained in
aArticle 168
bArticle 171
cArticle 170
dArticle 169
Answer: D
Article 169 lays down the special-majority resolution of the State Legislative Assembly that must precede a Parliamentary law abolishing or creating a Legislative Council; such a law is not treated as a constitutional amendment under Article 368.
The validity of an election to a Panchayat cannot be questioned in any court except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as the State Legislature may provide. This bar on court interference in Panchayat electoral matters is contained in
aArticle 243-K
bArticle 243-O
cArticle 243-ZG
dArticle 329
Answer: B
Article 243-O bars courts from questioning delimitation laws and provides that no Panchayat election shall be questioned except by an election petition; the parallel provision for Municipalities is Article 243-ZG.
Fundamental Duties of citizens, contained in Part IV-A (Article 51A) of the Constitution, were inserted on the recommendation of the
aSwaran Singh Committee
bSarkaria Commission
cSanthanam Committee
dPunchhi Commission
Answer: A
Acting on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee, the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 inserted Part IV-A (Article 51A) prescribing Fundamental Duties of citizens.
The High Court of Judicature at Patna was established with effect from 1916 by
athe Government of India Act, 1935
bLetters Patent dated 9th February, 1916
cthe Indian High Courts Act, 1861
dthe States Reorganisation Act, 1956
Answer: B
The Patna High Court was constituted by Letters Patent dated 9th February 1916, after which the Calcutta High Court ceased to exercise jurisdiction over the territory of Bihar and Orissa.
Recruitment of persons (other than District Judges) to the judicial service of a State is made by the Governor in accordance with rules made by him after consultation with the State Public Service Commission and with the High Court. This is provided in
aArticle 233
bArticle 234
cArticle 236
dArticle 309
Answer: B
Article 234 governs recruitment to the judicial service below the rank of District Judge, requiring the Governor to consult both the State Public Service Commission and the High Court.
Under the Constitution, the subject 'Administration of justice; constitution and organisation of all courts, except the Supreme Court and the High Courts' falls within
athe Union List
bthe State List
cthe residuary power of Parliament
dthe Concurrent List
Answer: D
Entry 11A of List III (Concurrent List), inserted by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, covers 'Administration of justice; constitution and organisation of all courts except the Supreme Court and the High Courts.'
The minimum age prescribed for a person to be eligible for appointment as a Judge of a High Court is
ano minimum age is prescribed
b35 years
c40 years
d45 years
Answer: A
Article 217(2) prescribes only qualifications (citizenship plus judicial/advocate experience); unlike Article 124 for Supreme Court Judges, it fixes no minimum age for appointment as a High Court Judge.
While the Legislature of a State is not in session, the power to promulgate an Ordinance having the same force and effect as an Act of the State Legislature is vested in
athe Chief Minister
bthe President under Article 123
cthe Governor under Article 213
dthe Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
Answer: C
Article 213 empowers the Governor to promulgate Ordinances when the State Legislature is not in session and immediate action is necessary; such an Ordinance must be laid before the Legislature and ceases to operate within the prescribed period.
Under which Article of the Constitution of India is the procedure for the impeachment of the President laid down?
aArticle 56
bArticle 61
cArticle 72
dArticle 74
Answer: B
Article 61 prescribes the procedure for impeachment of the President for violation of the Constitution, the charge being preferred by either House of Parliament.
A High Court has the power to issue writs not only for the enforcement of fundamental rights but also 'for any other purpose'. This wider power is conferred by
aArticle 32
bArticle 227
cArticle 136
dArticle 226
Answer: D
The expression 'for any other purpose' in Article 226 makes the writ jurisdiction of the High Court wider than that of the Supreme Court under Article 32, which is confined to enforcement of fundamental rights.
The basic structure doctrine, limiting Parliament's power to amend the Constitution, was propounded by the Supreme Court in
aGolak Nath v. State of Punjab
bA.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
cMinerva Mills v. Union of India
dKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
Answer: D
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), a 13-judge bench held by a 7:6 majority that Parliament may amend the Constitution under Article 368 but cannot alter its basic structure.
The Right to Property was removed from the list of fundamental rights and made a constitutional right under Article 300A by
athe 42nd Amendment, 1976
bthe 25th Amendment, 1971
cthe 44th Amendment, 1978
dthe 1st Amendment, 1951
Answer: C
The 44th Amendment Act, 1978 repealed Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31 and inserted Article 300A in Part XII, making the right to property a mere constitutional right.
The provision for a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament to resolve a deadlock over a Bill (other than a Money Bill or Constitution amendment Bill) is contained in
aArticle 108
bArticle 110
cArticle 109
dArticle 111
Answer: A
Article 108 empowers the President to summon a joint sitting of both Houses when a Bill is rejected, or amendments are disagreed to, or six months elapse without passage; it does not apply to Money Bills.
The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India can be removed from office
aby the President at his pleasure
bby a simple majority of the Lok Sabha alone
cin the like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court
don the recommendation of the Union Public Service Commission
Answer: C
Under Article 148, the CAG can be removed only in the same manner and on the same grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court, i.e. by impeachment, securing his independence.
A Proclamation of National Emergency under Article 352 may be issued by the President on the ground of
awar, external aggression or armed rebellion
bfailure of constitutional machinery in a State
cthreat to the financial stability of India
dinternal disturbance arising from a natural calamity
Answer: A
Article 352, as amended by the 44th Amendment, permits a National Emergency only on the ground of war, external aggression or armed rebellion ('internal disturbance' was substituted by 'armed rebellion').
The Finance Commission constituted by the President under Article 280 consists of a Chairman and
afour other members
bthree other members
ctwo other members
dfive other members
Answer: A
Under Article 280, the Finance Commission consists of a Chairman and four other members appointed by the President to recommend distribution of revenues between the Union and the States.
Whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, if any question arises, the decision of which authority thereon is final?
aThe Speaker of the Lok Sabha
bThe President of India
cThe Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
dThe Attorney-General for India
Answer: A
Under Article 110(3), if any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill, the decision of the Speaker of the House of the People (Lok Sabha) thereon is final.
The Attorney-General for India is appointed by the President under
aArticle 88
bArticle 78
cArticle 76
dArticle 148
Answer: C
Under Article 76, the President appoints a person qualified to be a Judge of the Supreme Court as the Attorney-General for India, who holds office during the pleasure of the President.
A Proclamation of Financial Emergency may be issued by the President under
aArticle 352
bArticle 356
cArticle 365
dArticle 360
Answer: D
Article 360 empowers the President to declare a Financial Emergency if satisfied that the financial stability or credit of India or any part of its territory is threatened; it has never been invoked.
Every Judge of the Supreme Court is appointed by the President under which Article of the Constitution?
aArticle 126
bArticle 124
cArticle 217
dArticle 233
Answer: B
Under Article 124(2), every Judge of the Supreme Court is appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation as prescribed.
President's Rule, imposed where the government of a State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, is provided for under
aArticle 352
bArticle 356
cArticle 360
dArticle 365
Answer: B
Article 356 enables the President, on a report of the Governor or otherwise, to assume to himself the functions of the State government where constitutional machinery in the State has failed.
Under Article 233 of the Constitution, a person not already in the service of the Union or the State is eligible to be appointed a district judge only if he has been an advocate or pleader for not less than
afive years
bthree years
cten years
dseven years
Answer: D
Article 233(2) requires that such a person must have been an advocate or pleader for at least seven years and be recommended by the High Court for appointment.
The appointment of district judges in a State is made by
athe Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court
bthe Chief Justice of the High Court alone
cthe State Public Service Commission
dthe President of India in consultation with the Chief Justice of India
Answer: A
Under Article 233(1), appointments, postings and promotions of district judges in a State are made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in that State.
The control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto, including the posting and promotion of officers below the rank of district judge, is vested by the Constitution in
athe State Government
bthe Governor
cthe Supreme Court
dthe High Court
Answer: D
Article 235 vests in the High Court the control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto, including posting, promotion and grant of leave to members of the judicial service below the rank of district judge.
Article 233A was inserted by the Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966 to validate appointments of district judges made otherwise than in accordance with Articles 233 and 235, in the wake of Chandra Mohan v. State of U.P.
Which Article empowers a High Court to issue writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari not only for the enforcement of fundamental rights but also for any other purpose?
aArticle 32
bArticle 226
cArticle 136
dArticle 227
Answer: B
Article 226 confers on every High Court power to issue writs for enforcement of Part III rights and for any other purpose, making its writ jurisdiction wider than that of the Supreme Court under Article 32.
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar described which Article as the very heart and soul of the Constitution?
aArticle 14
bArticle 32
cArticle 21
dArticle 226
Answer: B
Ambedkar described Article 32 (right to constitutional remedies) as the heart and soul of the Constitution, since without it the guarantee of fundamental rights would be a nullity.
The power of the Governor to promulgate Ordinances during the recess of the State Legislature is contained in
aArticle 123
bArticle 200
cArticle 213
dArticle 356
Answer: C
Article 213 empowers the Governor to promulgate Ordinances when the State Legislature (or either House, where bicameral) is not in session and immediate action is required.
The Ninth Schedule, which protects the laws specified in it from challenge on the ground of violation of fundamental rights, was added to the Constitution by
The Ninth Schedule along with Article 31B was introduced by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, chiefly to protect land reform and zamindari abolition laws.
During a Proclamation of Emergency under Article 352, the enforcement of which fundamental rights can never be suspended by an order under Article 359?
aArticles 20 and 21
bArticles 14 and 19
cArticles 25 and 26
dArticles 29 and 30
Answer: A
After the 44th Amendment, 1978, an order under Article 359 cannot suspend the enforcement of the rights under Articles 20 and 21 during an Emergency.
The 73rd Amendment, 1992 inserted Part IX ('The Panchayats', Articles 243 to 243-O) and the Eleventh Schedule listing 29 subjects; the 74th Amendment dealt with Municipalities.
The protection that a civil servant shall not be dismissed or removed or reduced in rank except after an inquiry in which he has been given a reasonable opportunity of being heard is guaranteed by
aArticle 309
bArticle 310
cArticle 312
dArticle 311
Answer: D
Article 311 provides the constitutional safeguards against dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State.
The 86th Amendment, 2002 inserted Article 21A guaranteeing free and compulsory education to children aged six to fourteen years, later operationalised by the RTE Act, 2009.
Under the Constitution of India, the power of a Governor to promulgate an Ordinance when the State Legislature is not in session is conferred by
aArticle 213
bArticle 123
cArticle 356
dArticle 154
Answer: A
Article 213 empowers the Governor to promulgate Ordinances during the recess of the State Legislature; Article 123 is the corresponding power of the President at the Union level.
Appointments of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in any State are made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court under
aArticle 217
bArticle 235
cArticle 233
dArticle 124
Answer: C
Article 233(1) provides that appointments, posting and promotion of district judges shall be made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in the State.
A person not already in the service of the Union or of a State is eligible to be appointed a district judge only if he has been an advocate or pleader for not less than
aseven years
bfive years
cten years
dthree years
Answer: A
Under Article 233(2), such a person must have been an advocate or pleader for not less than seven years and be recommended by the High Court for appointment.
The control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto, including the posting and promotion of, and the grant of leave to, persons belonging to the judicial service of a State and holding a post inferior to that of district judge, is vested in
athe Governor of the State
bthe State Public Service Commission
cthe High Court
dthe State Government
Answer: C
Article 235 vests in the High Court the control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto, including posting, promotion and grant of leave to members of the subordinate judicial service.
The power of a High Court to issue directions, orders or writs to any person or authority within the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction is conferred by
aArticle 32
bArticle 227
cArticle 226
dArticle 139
Answer: C
Article 226(1) confers on every High Court the power to issue writs to any person or authority within its territorial jurisdiction; Article 32 confers the corresponding power on the Supreme Court.
The power of superintendence of a High Court over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction is contained in
aArticle 226
bArticle 235
cArticle 227
dArticle 215
Answer: C
Article 227 confers on every High Court the power of superintendence (both administrative and judicial) over all courts and tribunals within its jurisdiction, except courts and tribunals relating to the Armed Forces.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described which Article of the Constitution as its 'very heart and soul'?
aArticle 14
bArticle 32
cArticle 21
dArticle 19
Answer: B
Dr. Ambedkar called Article 32, the Right to Constitutional Remedies, the heart and soul of the Constitution, as it guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the Supreme Court held that the 'procedure established by law' under Article 21 must be
aany procedure duly enacted by the legislature, however arbitrary
bthe same as the American 'due process of law' in every respect
cfair, just and reasonable, and not arbitrary or oppressive
da procedure approved only by the President
Answer: C
In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597, the Court held that the procedure depriving a person of life or personal liberty under Article 21 must be right, just and fair and not arbitrary, fanciful or oppressive.
Every Judge of a High Court is appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and (in the case of a Judge other than the Chief Justice) the Chief Justice of the High Court, under
aArticle 217
bArticle 124
cArticle 233
dArticle 214
Answer: A
Article 217(1) prescribes that a High Court Judge is appointed by the President after the specified consultation; the appointee holds office until the age of sixty-two years.
Which of the following amendments to the Constitution requires, in addition to a special majority of Parliament, ratification by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States?
aAmendment relating to citizenship
bCreation of a new State by Parliament under Article 3
cAbolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States
dAmendment of the provisions relating to the Supreme Court and the High Courts
Answer: D
Under the proviso to Article 368(2), amendments touching the Union judiciary and the High Courts in the States, among other federal provisions, require ratification by the Legislatures of at least one-half of the States.
Article 214 declares that there shall be a High Court for each State; Article 215 makes every High Court a court of record, and Article 231 allows a common High Court for two or more States.
The High Court of Judicature at Patna, which exercises jurisdiction over the State of Bihar, was established in the year
a1916
b1862
c1935
d1950
Answer: A
The Patna High Court was established in 1916 (commencing work from 1 March 1916) and originally exercised jurisdiction over the Province of Bihar and Orissa.
Under the unamended original text of Article 124(1) of the Constitution, the Supreme Court was to consist of the Chief Justice of India and, until Parliament prescribed a larger number, not more than how many other Judges?
afive other Judges
bten other Judges
cseven other Judges
dthirteen other Judges
Answer: C
As originally enacted, Article 124(1) fixed the Supreme Court at the Chief Justice of India and not more than seven other Judges, until Parliament by law prescribed a larger number. The strength has since been raised, the latest being 33 other Judges by the 2019 Act.
The doctrine of 'basic structure' of the Constitution, holding that Parliament's power under Article 368 cannot alter the basic structure, was propounded by the Supreme Court in
aKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
bGolak Nath v. State of Punjab
cMinerva Mills v. Union of India
dShankari Prasad v. Union of India
Answer: A
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), a 13-Judge Bench held by a 7:6 majority that Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution but cannot damage or destroy its basic structure.
Which Article of the Constitution provides that there shall be a High Court for each State?
aArticle 211
bArticle 214
cArticle 217
dArticle 226
Answer: B
Article 214 mandates that there shall be a High Court for each State. Article 231 permits a common High Court for two or more States, as in the case of the Punjab and Haryana High Court.
The Patna High Court, exercising jurisdiction over the State of Bihar, was established in the year
a1916
b1862
c1935
d1950
Answer: A
The Patna High Court was established on 3 February 1916 by Letters Patent and commenced functioning on 1 March 1916, with Sir Edward Maynard Des Champs Chamier as its first Chief Justice.
Fundamental Duties were inserted into the Constitution as Article 51A by which Constitutional Amendment, on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee?
aThe 44th Amendment, 1978
bThe 42nd Amendment, 1976
cThe 24th Amendment, 1971
dThe 86th Amendment, 2002
Answer: B
The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee, added Part IV-A (Article 51A) listing ten Fundamental Duties; the 86th Amendment, 2002 later added an eleventh.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described which Article of the Constitution as its 'heart and soul', being the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights?
aArticle 32
bArticle 21
cArticle 14
dArticle 226
Answer: A
Article 32, guaranteeing the right to constitutional remedies and empowering the Supreme Court to issue writs, was called the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
In which case did the Supreme Court hold that the 'procedure established by law' under Article 21 must be fair, just and reasonable, and not arbitrary, fanciful or oppressive?
aA.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
bOlga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation
cADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla
dManeka Gandhi v. Union of India
Answer: D
In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the Supreme Court held that the procedure contemplated by Article 21 must be just, fair and reasonable, overruling the narrow view in A.K. Gopalan.
Under Article 280 of the Constitution, the Finance Commission is constituted by the President at the expiration of every
athird year
bfourth year
csixth year
dfifth year
Answer: D
Article 280 requires the President to constitute a Finance Commission at the expiration of every fifth year, or earlier if considered necessary, consisting of a Chairman and four other members.
The power of a High Court to issue writs under Article 226, as compared with the writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court under Article 32, is
anarrower, being confined to enforcement of Fundamental Rights only
bidentical in scope and limited to Fundamental Rights
cwider, as it covers both Fundamental Rights and other legal rights
davailable only when the Supreme Court declines to act
Answer: C
Article 226 is wider than Article 32 because a High Court may issue writs not only for enforcement of Fundamental Rights but also 'for any other purpose', i.e. for enforcement of ordinary legal rights.
Part IX of the Constitution, providing for a three-tier Panchayati Raj system at the village, intermediate and district levels, was inserted by which Constitutional Amendment?
aThe 73rd Amendment, 1992
bThe 74th Amendment, 1992
cThe 65th Amendment, 1990
dThe 44th Amendment, 1978
Answer: A
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 added Part IX (Articles 243 to 243-O) and the Eleventh Schedule, providing for a three-tier Panchayati Raj structure.
The Seventh Schedule to the Constitution, which distributes legislative powers between the Union and the States through three Lists, is referable to which Article?
aArticle 245
bArticle 248
cArticle 246
dArticle 254
Answer: C
Article 246 read with the Seventh Schedule distributes legislative subjects into the Union List, State List and Concurrent List, demarcating the legislative competence of Parliament and the State Legislatures.
Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form forbidden by which Article of the Constitution?
aArticle 15
bArticle 16
cArticle 17
dArticle 18
Answer: C
Article 17 abolishes untouchability and forbids its practice in any form; the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 (originally the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955) was enacted to give effect to it.
Under Article 148 of the Constitution, the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India can be removed from office only
aby the President at his pleasure
bby the Council of Ministers on grounds of misbehaviour
con a resolution of the Lok Sabha by simple majority
din like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court
Answer: D
Article 148 provides that the CAG, though appointed by the President, can be removed only in the same manner and on the same grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court, securing the independence of the office.
Under Article 61, a resolution to impeach the President for violation of the Constitution must be passed by each House of Parliament by a majority of
atwo-thirds of the total membership of that House
btwo-thirds of the members present and voting
ca simple majority of the members present and voting
dthree-fourths of the total membership of that House
Answer: A
Article 61 requires the impeachment resolution to be passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of each House, after a 14-day notice signed by at least one-fourth of the members.
An amendment of the Constitution under Article 368 may be initiated by the introduction of a Bill
aonly in the Lok Sabha
bonly in the Rajya Sabha
cin a State Legislative Assembly with the Governor's recommendation
din either House of Parliament
Answer: D
Article 368 provides that an amendment may be initiated only by introducing a Bill in either House of Parliament, which must then be passed in each House by the prescribed special majority.
Under Article 233 of the Constitution of India, the appointment of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in a State shall be made by the
aChief Justice of the High Court alone
bGovernor of the State in consultation with the High Court
cPresident in consultation with the Supreme Court
dState Public Service Commission
Answer: B
Article 233(1) vests the appointment, posting and promotion of district judges in the Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in that State.
A person not already in the service of the Union or of a State is eligible to be appointed a district judge under Article 233(2) only if he has been an advocate or pleader for not less than
afive years
btwelve years
cten years
dseven years
Answer: D
Article 233(2) requires that such a person must have been an advocate or pleader for not less than seven years and be recommended by the High Court for appointment.
Under which Article of the Constitution is the control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto, including the posting, promotion and grant of leave to persons of the State judicial service holding posts inferior to that of district judge, vested in the High Court?
aArticle 233
bArticle 234
cArticle 235
dArticle 237
Answer: C
Article 235 vests control over district courts and subordinate courts, including posting, promotion and grant of leave to members of the State judicial service below the rank of district judge, in the High Court.
Every Judge of the Supreme Court of India shall hold office until he attains the age of
a60 years
b62 years
c68 years
d65 years
Answer: D
Under Article 124(2), a Judge of the Supreme Court holds office until he attains the age of 65 years; the retirement age for a High Court Judge under Article 217 is 62 years.
Which one of the following statements regarding the writ jurisdiction of the High Court under Article 226 is correct?
aIt can be invoked only for the enforcement of fundamental rights
bIt is a fundamental right that cannot be suspended
cIt is available only against the State and not against private persons
dIt can be invoked for the enforcement of fundamental rights and for any other purpose
Answer: D
Unlike Article 32, which is confined to fundamental rights, Article 226 empowers a High Court to issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights and 'for any other purpose', making its scope wider.
The doctrine of 'basic structure' of the Constitution, limiting Parliament's power of amendment under Article 368, was propounded by the Supreme Court in
aGolak Nath v. State of Punjab
bKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
cMinerva Mills v. Union of India
dA. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
Answer: B
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), a 13-judge bench held by a 7:6 majority that Parliament may amend the Constitution under Article 368 but cannot alter its basic structure.
The protection against double jeopardy, that no person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once, is guaranteed under
aArticle 20(1)
bArticle 21
cArticle 20(3)
dArticle 20(2)
Answer: D
Article 20(2) embodies the rule against double jeopardy; Article 20(1) deals with ex post facto laws and Article 20(3) with protection against self-incrimination.
The protection against self-incrimination, namely that no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself, is contained in
aArticle 20(1)
bArticle 20(3)
cArticle 20(2)
dArticle 22(1)
Answer: B
Article 20(3) provides that no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself, embodying the privilege against self-incrimination.
In which case did the Supreme Court hold that the 'procedure established by law' under Article 21 must be right, just and fair, and not arbitrary, fanciful or oppressive?
aA. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
bADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla
cManeka Gandhi v. Union of India
dKharak Singh v. State of U.P.
Answer: C
In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the Supreme Court held that the procedure contemplated by Article 21 must be fair, just and reasonable, overruling the narrow view in A. K. Gopalan.
The power of superintendence of a High Court over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction is conferred by
aArticle 226
bArticle 246
cArticle 235
dArticle 227
Answer: D
Article 227 confers on every High Court the power of superintendence over all courts and tribunals within its jurisdiction, except courts constituted under any law relating to the armed forces.
Under Article 124(2) of the Constitution, every Judge of the Supreme Court is appointed by the
aPresident by warrant under his hand and seal
bChief Justice of India
cPrime Minister on the advice of the Cabinet
dParliament by a resolution
Answer: A
Article 124(2) provides that every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation as prescribed.
The Constitution of India provides under Article 214 that there shall be a High Court for
aevery district
bevery Union Territory
cevery State
devery group of three States
Answer: C
Article 214 provides that there shall be a High Court for each State; a common High Court for two or more States or a Union Territory may be established under Article 231.
The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution is itself guaranteed as a fundamental right under
aArticle 13
bArticle 32
cArticle 226
dArticle 136
Answer: B
Article 32 guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of fundamental rights and is itself a fundamental right; Dr. Ambedkar called it the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution.
A High Court consists of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint. This provision is found in
aArticle 214
bArticle 216
cArticle 217
dArticle 222
Answer: B
Article 216 provides that every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint.
The prohibition against ex post facto criminal laws, namely that no person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act, is contained in
aArticle 21
bArticle 20(2)
cArticle 20(1)
dArticle 22(2)
Answer: C
Article 20(1) bars conviction under a law that was not in force when the act was committed and prohibits a penalty greater than that prescribed at the time of the offence.
Under Article 233 of the Constitution, the appointment of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in a State are made by the Governor of the State
awith the previous sanction of the President of India
bon the recommendation of the State Public Service Commission
cin consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State
din consultation with the Chief Justice of India
Answer: C
Article 233(1) provides that appointment, posting and promotion of district judges shall be made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to that State.
A person who is not already in the service of the Union or of the State is eligible to be appointed a district judge under Article 233(2) only if he has been an advocate or pleader for not less than
afive years
bten years
cseven years
dtwelve years
Answer: C
Under Article 233(2), a person not in Union or State service may be appointed a district judge only if he has been for not less than seven years an advocate or pleader and is recommended by the High Court.
Control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto, including the posting, promotion and grant of leave to persons belonging to the judicial service of a State and holding any post inferior to the post of district judge, is vested by the Constitution in
athe Governor of the State
bthe State Government
cthe Supreme Court
dthe High Court
Answer: D
Article 235 vests control over subordinate courts, including posting, promotion and grant of leave of judicial officers below the rank of district judge, in the High Court.
The Patna High Court, which exercised jurisdiction over the territory now forming the State of Jharkhand until its bifurcation, was established in the year
a1916
b1862
c1935
d1950
Answer: A
The Patna High Court was established in 1916 (formally inaugurated on 1 March 1916), making it one of the older High Courts in India.
The State of Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar, and the Jharkhand High Court came into existence, under
athe States Reorganisation Act, 1956
bthe Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000
cthe Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000
dthe North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971
Answer: B
Jharkhand was created on 15 November 2000 by the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000, and the Jharkhand High Court at Ranchi was established under the same Act.
The power of every High Court to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, for the enforcement of fundamental rights and 'for any other purpose' is contained in
aArticle 32
bArticle 226
cArticle 136
dArticle 227
Answer: B
Article 226 empowers every High Court to issue the named writs both for enforcement of Part III rights and 'for any other purpose', giving it a wider sweep than Article 32.
The expression 'for any other purpose' occurring in Article 226, but absent from Article 32, signifies that
athe High Court's writ jurisdiction extends beyond enforcement of fundamental rights to enforcement of ordinary legal rights as well
bthe High Court can issue writs only for enforcement of fundamental rights
cthe High Court may issue writs only against the State Government
dthe Supreme Court alone can enforce ordinary legal rights
Answer: A
Unlike Article 32, which is confined to fundamental rights, Article 226's words 'for any other purpose' allow the High Court to issue writs for the enforcement of ordinary legal rights too.
A Judge of a High Court can be removed from office by the President only after an address by each House of Parliament supported by
aa simple majority of the members present and voting
bthree-fourths of the total membership of that House
ca majority of the total membership of that House and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting
da majority of the members present and voting in a joint sitting
Answer: C
Under Article 217 read with Article 124(4), a High Court Judge is removed only after an address supported by a majority of the total membership of the House and a majority of not less than two-thirds of members present and voting, on grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.
In Chapter VI of Part VI of the Constitution, the expression 'judicial service' as interpreted in Article 236 means
aevery officer holding a post in the State secretariat dealing with law
ball persons employed in the establishment of the High Court
cthe service of public prosecutors and government pleaders
da service consisting exclusively of persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts inferior to the post of district judge
Answer: D
Article 236(b) defines 'judicial service' as a service consisting exclusively of persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts inferior to that post.
Article 21A, which makes the right to free and compulsory education for children of the age of six to fourteen years a fundamental right, was inserted into the Constitution by
athe 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976
bthe 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002
cthe 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978
dthe 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992
Answer: B
The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002 inserted Article 21A, making free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 a fundamental right.
A District Judge appointed under Article 233 holds, for the purposes of that Chapter, a post which by virtue of Article 236(a) includes
ajudge of a Small Cause Court but not an Additional District Judge
bjudge of a city civil court, additional district judge, joint district judge, assistant district judge, chief judge of a small cause court, chief presidency magistrate, additional chief presidency magistrate, sessions judge, additional sessions judge and assistant sessions judge
conly the principal district judge of a district
devery civil judge (junior division) in the State
Answer: B
Article 236(a) gives an inclusive definition of 'district judge' covering judges of city civil courts, additional/joint/assistant district judges, chief judges of small cause courts, chief presidency magistrates, sessions judges, additional and assistant sessions judges.
Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service of a State is to be made in accordance with rules framed by the Governor in this behalf after consultation with
athe State Public Service Commission only
bthe High Court only
cthe Council of Ministers of the State
dthe State Public Service Commission and the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State
Answer: D
Article 234 provides that appointments of persons other than district judges to the State judicial service are made by the Governor in accordance with rules made after consultation with both the State Public Service Commission and the High Court.
The guaranteed right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution is itself a fundamental right under
aArticle 226
bArticle 32
cArticle 136
dArticle 143
Answer: B
Article 32 guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of fundamental rights and is itself a fundamental right, described by Dr. Ambedkar as the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution.
The advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, under which the President may refer a question of law or fact of public importance for the Court's opinion, is contained in
aArticle 131
bArticle 137
cArticle 143
dArticle 145
Answer: C
Article 143 empowers the President to consult the Supreme Court on a question of law or fact of public importance; the opinion so given is advisory and not binding on the President.
By which Constitutional Amendment Act was the expression 'internal disturbance' substituted by 'armed rebellion' as a ground for proclamation of National Emergency under Article 352?
a44th Amendment Act, 1978
b42nd Amendment Act, 1976
c38th Amendment Act, 1975
d59th Amendment Act, 1988
Answer: A
The 44th Amendment Act, 1978 replaced 'internal disturbance' with 'armed rebellion' in Article 352, narrowing the grounds for declaring a National Emergency.
The writ jurisdiction of a High Court under Article 226 is wider than that of the Supreme Court under Article 32 because Article 226 permits issuance of writs
aonly for enforcement of fundamental rights
bonly against the Union Government
cfor enforcement of fundamental rights as well as for any other purpose
donly in respect of money matters
Answer: C
Article 226 empowers High Courts to issue writs for enforcement of fundamental rights 'and for any other purpose', i.e. also for enforcement of ordinary legal rights, whereas Article 32 is confined to fundamental rights.
The doctrine of 'basic structure' of the Constitution, which limits Parliament's power of amendment under Article 368, was propounded by the Supreme Court in
aGolak Nath v. State of Punjab
bKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
cMinerva Mills v. Union of India
dA.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
Answer: B
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), a 13-judge Bench by a 7:6 majority held that Parliament cannot amend the basic structure of the Constitution.
The right of all minorities, whether based on religion or language, to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice is guaranteed by
aArticle 29
bArticle 25
cArticle 30
dArticle 28
Answer: C
Article 30(1) guarantees to all minorities, religious or linguistic, the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
Under the Constitution of India, the appointment of District Judges in a State is made by
athe State Public Service Commission
bthe Chief Justice of India
cthe Governor in consultation with the High Court
dthe State Legislature
Answer: C
Under Article 233(1), appointments of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, District Judges in a State are made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in that State.
The 'Directive Principles of State Policy' contained in Part IV of the Constitution are
aenforceable by the courts
bnot enforceable by any court but fundamental in the governance of the country
cenforceable only by the Supreme Court
denforceable only against the Union Government
Answer: B
Article 37 declares that the Directive Principles shall not be enforceable by any court, but are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country and it is the duty of the State to apply them in making laws.
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