Bihar Judiciary Mock Test 9 — Questions & Solutions
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Which Article of the Constitution of India guarantees the right to constitutional remedies, described by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution?
aArticle 14
bArticle 19
cArticle 21
dArticle 32
Answer: D
Article 32 confers the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of fundamental rights; Ambedkar called it the heart and soul of the Constitution.
The present State of Bihar attained its current territorial form on 15 November 2000 when which State was carved out of its southern districts?
aChhattisgarh
bTelangana
cUttarakhand
dJharkhand
Answer: D
On 15 November 2000 the southern, largely tribal districts of Bihar were separated to form Jharkhand, while Patna continued as the capital of the residual State of Bihar.
Mahatma Gandhi's first satyagraha on Indian soil, launched in 1917 against the oppressive 'Tinkathia' system of forced indigo cultivation, took place in which region of Bihar?
aChamparan
bSaran
cBhagalpur
dDarbhanga
Answer: A
Persuaded by Rajkumar Shukla, Gandhi went to Champaran in 1917 to take up the cause of indigo cultivators, marking his first satyagraha in India and leading to the Champaran Agrarian Act, 1918.
The ancient seat of learning at Nalanda, whose excavated remains were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2016, was founded by a ruler of which dynasty?
aMaurya dynasty
bPala dynasty
cGupta dynasty
dShunga dynasty
Answer: C
Nalanda Mahavihara was founded by Kumaragupta I of the Gupta dynasty in the 5th century CE; its remains in present-day Nalanda district were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2016.
The famous Sonpur Mela of Bihar, reputed to be one of Asia's largest cattle fairs, is held near the confluence of the Ganga with which river?
aKosi
bSon
cGandak
dBagmati
Answer: C
Sonpur, in Saran district, lies at the confluence of the Ganga and the Gandak (Narayani) river, where the annual Sonpur (Harihar Kshetra) Mela is held.
Under Article 124 of the Constitution, the age of retirement of a Judge of the Supreme Court of India is fixed at
a62 years
b65 years
c60 years
d70 years
Answer: B
Article 124(2) provides that a Judge of the Supreme Court holds office until the age of 65 years, whereas a High Court Judge retires at 62 under Article 217.
Which Mauryan emperor, after the bloody Kalinga War, embraced Buddhism and is associated with the rock and pillar edicts spread across the subcontinent?
aAshoka
bBindusara
cChandragupta Maurya
dDasharatha
Answer: A
Ashoka, grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, renounced war after the Kalinga campaign and propagated Dhamma through his celebrated rock and pillar edicts.
The 'Doctrine of Basic Structure' of the Indian Constitution was propounded by the Supreme Court in which landmark case?
aGolaknath v. State of Punjab
bMinerva Mills v. Union of India
cManeka Gandhi v. Union of India
dKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
Answer: D
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), a 13-judge bench held that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution so as to destroy its basic structure.
A person leaves home and walks 10 km towards the East, then turns left and walks 10 km towards the North. In which direction is he now from his starting point?
aSouth-West
bNorth-East
cNorth-West
dSouth-East
Answer: B
Moving East and then North places him to the north and east of the start; the resultant direction from the starting point is North-East.
The constitutional remedy by which a court directs a public authority to perform a public or statutory duty that it has failed to discharge is the writ of
aHabeas Corpus
bCertiorari
cQuo Warranto
dMandamus
Answer: D
Mandamus (literally 'we command') is issued to compel a public authority or officer to perform a public duty which it has wrongfully refused or failed to perform.
Which river of north Bihar, notorious for frequently shifting its course and causing devastating floods, is popularly called the 'Sorrow of Bihar'?
aKosi
bGandak
cBagmati
dMahananda
Answer: A
The Kosi River, which carries a heavy sediment load and often changes its channel, has long been termed the 'Sorrow of Bihar'. It joins the Ganga near Kursela in Bihar.
The Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara, the ruins of the ancient university in Bihar, was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in which year?
a2014
b2015
c2016
d2018
Answer: C
The excavated remains of Nalanda Mahavihara in Bihar were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2016, recognising the institution's role from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th century CE.
Mahatma Gandhi launched his first Satyagraha in India in 1917 in support of indigo cultivators. In which district of Bihar did this movement take place?
aBhagalpur
bChamparan
cGaya
dSaran
Answer: B
The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917, against the exploitative tinkathia indigo system, was Gandhi's first application of Satyagraha on Indian soil.
The 2024 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Nihon Hidankyo, a grassroots movement of atomic-bomb survivors. To which country does this organisation belong?
aSouth Korea
bChina
cJapan
dUnited States
Answer: C
Nihon Hidankyo, the Japanese confederation of A- and H-bomb survivors (hibakusha), won the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize for its efforts towards a world free of nuclear weapons.
The 2024 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Han Kang. She is the first Nobel literature laureate from which country?
aSouth Korea
bChina
cJapan
dVietnam
Answer: A
Han Kang, author of 'The Vegetarian', became the first South Korean writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, awarded in 2024 for her intense poetic prose.
Under the Constitution of India, which Article empowers the President to declare a National Emergency?
aArticle 352
bArticle 356
cArticle 360
dArticle 365
Answer: A
Article 352 provides for the proclamation of a National Emergency on grounds of war, external aggression or armed rebellion. Article 356 deals with State (President's) Rule and Article 360 with Financial Emergency.
Which Indian space mission, launched in 2023, made India the first country to land near the lunar South Pole?
aChandrayaan-1
bChandrayaan-2
cMangalyaan
dChandrayaan-3
Answer: D
Chandrayaan-3's Vikram lander touched down near the Moon's South Pole on 23 August 2023, making India the first nation to achieve a soft landing in that region.
On which date is 'Bihar Diwas' (Bihar Day) celebrated every year to commemorate the carving out of the province of Bihar from the Bengal Presidency in 1912?
a9 August
b1 November
c26 January
d22 March
Answer: D
Bihar was separated from the Bengal Presidency to form the Province of Bihar and Orissa on 22 March 1912, and the day is observed annually as Bihar Diwas.
Which river, notorious for frequently shifting its course and causing devastating floods, is traditionally referred to as the 'Sorrow of Bihar'?
aSon
bKosi
cGandak
dBagmati
Answer: B
The Kosi river, which repeatedly changes its channel and deposits heavy silt, is known as the 'Sorrow of Bihar' on account of the recurrent floods it causes in north Bihar.
The 'Jal-Jeevan-Hariyali' campaign, aimed at combating the adverse effects of climate change through water conservation and afforestation, is a flagship programme of which State government?
aOdisha
bRajasthan
cBihar
dJharkhand
Answer: C
Jal-Jeevan-Hariyali was launched by the Government of Bihar under Chief Minister Nitish Kumar in 2019 for environmental protection, water-body restoration and tree plantation.
The 2024 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Nihon Hidankyo, a grassroots movement of atomic-bomb survivors. This organisation belongs to which country?
aSouth Korea
bJapan
cNorway
dUnited States
Answer: B
Nihon Hidankyo is a Japanese organisation of Hibakusha (survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings), honoured for its efforts towards a world free of nuclear weapons.
Mahatma Gandhi launched his first Satyagraha on Indian soil in 1917 in support of indigo cultivators. At which place in Bihar did this movement take place?
aChamparan
bBardoli
cKheda
dAhmedabad
Answer: A
The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917, against the oppressive tinkathia indigo system, was Mahatma Gandhi's first application of Satyagraha in India.
If in a certain code language 'PATNA' is written as 'QBUOB', then how will the word 'GAYA' be written in that same code?
aFBXB
bHZBZ
cHBZB
dHBYB
Answer: C
Each letter is shifted one place forward in the alphabet (P->Q, A->B, T->U, N->O, A->B). Applying the same shift to GAYA gives G->H, A->B, Y->Z, A->B, i.e. HBZB.
A man walks 10 km towards the north, then turns right and walks 10 km, then turns right again and walks 10 km. In which direction is he now facing, and how far is he from his starting point?
aFacing south, 10 km away
bFacing north, 10 km away
cFacing south, 14.14 km away
dFacing east, 10 km away
Answer: A
After walking north, then east, then south, he ends up directly east of the start at a distance of 10 km while facing south.
The ancient Mauryan capital Pataliputra, which corresponds to present-day Patna, was situated at the confluence of the Ganga and which other river?
aGandak
bSon
cKosi
dPunpun
Answer: B
Pataliputra was founded at the confluence of the Ganga and the Son river. The site, near modern Patna, served as the capital of the Magadha, Maurya and Gupta empires.
The First Buddhist Council, held shortly after the death of the Buddha, was convened at Rajgriha (Rajgir in present-day Bihar) under the patronage of which ruler?
aAshoka
bBimbisara
cAjatashatru
dKanishka
Answer: C
The First Buddhist Council was held at Rajgriha under the patronage of King Ajatashatru of Magadha, presided over by Mahakassapa. Bimbisara was Ajatashatru's father.
Mahatma Gandhi launched his first Satyagraha in India in 1917 over the grievances of indigo cultivators. In which district of Bihar did this movement take place?
aChamparan
bMuzaffarpur
cSaran
dBhagalpur
Answer: A
The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was Gandhi's first civil-disobedience movement in India, taken up against the exploitative tinkathia system imposed on indigo farmers.
Under the Constitution of India, the power to issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights is conferred on the High Courts by which Article?
aArticle 226
bArticle 32
cArticle 136
dArticle 215
Answer: A
Article 226 empowers every High Court to issue writs for enforcement of Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose. Article 32 confers the corresponding power on the Supreme Court.
The Permanent Settlement of 1793, which fixed land revenue on the zamindars of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, was introduced by which Governor-General?
aLord William Bentinck
bWarren Hastings
cLord Wellesley
dLord Cornwallis
Answer: D
Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement (Zamindari system) in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, making zamindars the proprietors of land in return for a fixed revenue.
The State of Bihar was carved out as a separate province from the Bengal Presidency. In which year was the present State of Bihar bifurcated to create the State of Jharkhand?
a1998
b2000
c2001
d2002
Answer: B
Jharkhand was carved out of the southern districts of Bihar on 15 November 2000 under the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000.
Which line of latitude, passing through several districts of central Bihar, marks the northern boundary of the Earth's tropical zone?
aTropic of Capricorn
bTropic of Cancer
cEquator
dArctic Circle
Answer: B
The Tropic of Cancer (approximately 23.5 degrees North) passes through Bihar, crossing districts such as Gaya. It is the northern limit of the tropics.
The Kosi river, often called the 'Sorrow of Bihar' due to its frequent floods and changing course, originates in which neighbouring country before entering India?
aBhutan
bNepal
cChina
dBangladesh
Answer: B
The Kosi rises in the Himalayas of Nepal (Tibet/Nepal catchment) and is a major tributary of the Ganga. Its tendency to shift course earns it the name 'Sorrow of Bihar'.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, who hailed from Bihar, was elected as the President of the Indian National Congress for the first time at which session?
aKarachi session, 1931
bLahore session, 1929
cBombay session, 1934
dHaripura session, 1938
Answer: C
Dr. Rajendra Prasad first presided over the Indian National Congress at its Bombay session in 1934. He later became the first President of the Republic of India.
Bihar Diwas, which marks the day on which the province of Bihar was carved out of the Bengal Presidency, is observed every year on
a26 January
b15 November
c1 April
d22 March
Answer: D
Bihar Diwas is celebrated on 22 March, marking the separation of Bihar (and Orissa) from the Bengal Presidency in 1912. It is a public holiday in the state.
The ancient Nalanda Mahavihara, a renowned residential centre of learning in Bihar, is traditionally credited to have been founded by which Gupta ruler?
aKumaragupta I
bSamudragupta
cChandragupta II
dSkandagupta
Answer: A
Nalanda is traditionally associated with Kumaragupta I (Shakraditya), in the 5th century CE; his coins have been recovered from the site. It later became one of Asia's greatest centres of Buddhist learning.
The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917, the first civil-disobedience experiment of Mahatma Gandhi in India, was directed against the exploitation of cultivators under which system?
aThe Tinkathia (indigo) system
bThe Permanent Settlement
cThe Ryotwari system
dThe Mahalwari system
Answer: A
In Champaran, European planters forced peasants to grow indigo on a portion of their land under the Tinkathia system. Gandhi's intervention led to the Champaran Agrarian Act, 1918.
If each letter of a word is replaced by its position number in the English alphabet (A=1, B=2, ... Z=26), then the sum of the numbers obtained for the word SON is
a44
b48
c46
d50
Answer: B
S=19, O=15 and N=14; their sum is 19+15+14 = 48, so the correct option is (c).
Vaishali in Bihar is historically significant as the place associated with which of the following?
aThe first sermon of the Buddha
bThe first republic (Gana-Sangha) of ancient India and the birthplace of Lord Mahavira
cThe capital of the Maurya empire
dThe site of the first Buddhist council
Answer: B
Vaishali was the capital of the Licchavi confederacy, often described as one of the world's earliest republics, and is regarded as the birthplace of Mahavira, the 24th Jain Tirthankara.
Patliputra (modern Patna) served as the capital of which of the following dynasties?
aThe Mauryas, the Shungas and the Guptas
bOnly the Guptas
cOnly the Mauryas
dOnly the Nandas
Answer: A
Pataliputra was the capital of successive major dynasties of ancient India, including the Nandas, Mauryas, Shungas and Guptas, making it a long-standing imperial seat.
Which of the following pairs of fundamental rights and their constitutional articles is correctly matched?
aRight to Freedom of Religion - Article 21
bRight against Exploitation - Article 19
cRight to Equality - Article 14
dRight to Constitutional Remedies - Article 17
Answer: C
Article 14 guarantees equality before law (Right to Equality). Right against Exploitation is Articles 23-24, Freedom of Religion is Articles 25-28, and Constitutional Remedies is Article 32.
Following the 2025 Bihar Assembly elections, Nitish Kumar was sworn in as Chief Minister of Bihar for the:
a8th time
b10th time
c9th time
d11th time
Answer: B
After the NDA's landslide win in the November 2025 Bihar Assembly elections, JD(U) leader Nitish Kumar took oath as Chief Minister for the 10th time, becoming the longest-serving CM in the state's history.
Lieutenant General (Retd.) Syed Ata Hasnain, sworn in during 2026, holds which constitutional office?
aGovernor of West Bengal
bGovernor of Jharkhand
cLieutenant Governor of Delhi
dGovernor of Bihar
Answer: D
Lt Gen (Retd.) Syed Ata Hasnain was sworn in as the 43rd Governor of Bihar on 14 March 2026, becoming the first former Indian Army officer to hold the post.
Justice Meenakshi M. Rai, who assumed office in June 2026, became the Chief Justice of which High Court?
aJharkhand High Court
bSikkim High Court
cPatna High Court
dCalcutta High Court
Answer: C
Justice Meenakshi M. Rai was appointed the 48th Chief Justice of the Patna High Court and assumed office in early June 2026, succeeding Chief Justice Sangam Kumar Sahoo.
The 2025 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Maria Corina Machado, an opposition leader from which country?
aBelarus
bCuba
cNicaragua
dVenezuela
Answer: D
Venezuelan opposition leader Maria Corina Machado won the 2025 Nobel Peace Prize for her work promoting democratic rights and a peaceful transition to democracy in Venezuela.
The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917, led by Mahatma Gandhi, was launched in Bihar against the exploitation of cultivators under which system?
aPermanent Settlement
bTinkathia system of indigo cultivation
cRyotwari system
dMahalwari system
Answer: B
Gandhi's first satyagraha in India targeted the Tinkathia system, under which Champaran's peasants were forced to grow indigo on three-twentieths of their land for European planters.
The ancient university of Nalanda, an internationally renowned centre of learning, is located in which present-day Indian state?
aBihar
bUttar Pradesh
cWest Bengal
dMadhya Pradesh
Answer: A
Nalanda Mahavihara, a major Buddhist seat of learning founded in the Gupta era, is situated in the Nalanda district of Bihar and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Which Article of the Indian Constitution empowers the President to appoint the Chief Justice and other judges of a High Court?
aArticle 124
bArticle 226
cArticle 217
dArticle 233
Answer: C
Article 217 provides for the appointment of High Court judges by the President. Article 124 covers Supreme Court judges, while Article 226 deals with the writ jurisdiction of High Courts.
The Sun Temple at Deo and the famous Chhath Puja are most closely associated with which Indian state?
aBihar
bOdisha
cGujarat
dTamil Nadu
Answer: A
Chhath, dedicated to the Sun God, is the most important folk festival of Bihar; the ancient Sun Temple at Deo in Aurangabad district is a major centre for its observance.
Which river, known as the 'Sorrow of Bihar' for its recurrent and devastating floods, originates in Nepal?
aKosi
bSone
cGandak
dBagmati
Answer: A
The Kosi river, owing to its shifting course and frequent flooding in north Bihar, is traditionally called the 'Sorrow of Bihar'. It rises in Nepal and joins the Ganga.
Under the Constitution of India, which body is constitutionally entrusted with conducting elections to Parliament and State Legislatures?
aThe Union Public Service Commission
bThe Election Commission of India
cThe Finance Commission
dThe NITI Aayog
Answer: B
Article 324 vests the superintendence, direction and control of elections to Parliament, State Legislatures and the offices of President and Vice-President in the Election Commission of India.
The Battle of Buxar (1764), which firmly established British control over Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, was fought near Buxar in present-day:
aUttar Pradesh
bJharkhand
cBihar
dWest Bengal
Answer: C
Buxar is a town in western Bihar. The 1764 battle there saw the English East India Company defeat the combined forces of Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal emperor, leading to the grant of Diwani.
As per the present administrative set-up, the total number of districts and the total number of divisions in Bihar are respectively
a40 districts and 10 divisions
b36 districts and 8 divisions
c42 districts and 9 divisions
d38 districts and 9 divisions
Answer: D
Bihar is currently divided into 38 districts grouped under 9 administrative divisions (Patna, Tirhut, Saran, Darbhanga, Kosi, Purnia, Bhagalpur, Munger and Magadh).
The river popularly known as the 'Sorrow of Bihar' on account of its frequent floods and shifting course is the
aGandak
bSone
cKosi
dBagmati
Answer: C
The Kosi, a left-bank tributary of the Ganga that rises in the Himalayas of Nepal and Tibet, is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar' because of its devastating floods and tendency to change course.
The Mahabodhi Temple Complex, where Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment, is located at Bodh Gaya in which district of Bihar, and was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002?
aNalanda
bVaishali
cGaya
dRohtas
Answer: C
The Mahabodhi Temple Complex stands at Bodh Gaya in Gaya district of Bihar and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002.
Shri C. P. Radhakrishnan, who was sworn in on 12 September 2025, holds which constitutional office?
aSpeaker of the Lok Sabha
bPresident of India
cVice-President of India
dChief Justice of India
Answer: C
C. P. Radhakrishnan was sworn in as the 15th Vice-President of India and ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha on 12 September 2025, after winning the Vice-Presidential election held on 9 September 2025.
Smt. Droupadi Murmu, the incumbent President of India, is
athe 14th President and the first woman to hold the office
bthe 13th President and the first person from Odisha to hold the office
cthe 15th President and the first person belonging to a tribal community to hold the office
dthe 15th President and the first President to be elected unopposed
Answer: C
Droupadi Murmu, sworn in on 25 July 2022, is the 15th President of India and the first person from a tribal community (and the second woman after Pratibha Patil) to hold the office.
Under Article 243 of the Constitution, the expression 'village' means a village specified by public notification to be a village for the purposes of Part IX by the
aState Election Commission
bState Legislature by resolution
cGovernor
dDistrict Collector
Answer: C
Article 243(g) defines 'village' as a village specified by the Governor by public notification to be a village for the purposes of Part IX, including a group of villages so specified.
The provision in Article 20(2) of the Constitution embodying the rule that no person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once is the constitutional guarantee against
aEx post facto law
bDouble jeopardy
cSelf-incrimination
dPreventive detention
Answer: B
Article 20(2) guarantees protection against double jeopardy; Article 20(1) deals with ex post facto laws and Article 20(3) with self-incrimination.
The writ which is issued to call upon a person holding a public office to show by what authority he holds it, and to oust him if the holding is unlawful, is the writ of
aMandamus
bCertiorari
cQuo Warranto
dProhibition
Answer: C
Quo Warranto questions the legal authority of a person to hold a public office and can result in ouster from a usurped office; it lies under Articles 32 and 226.
The power of the High Court to issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights and for any other purpose is conferred by
aArticle 32
bArticle 226
cArticle 227
dArticle 136
Answer: B
Article 226 empowers every High Court to issue writs not only for enforcement of fundamental rights but also for 'any other purpose'; Article 32 confers an analogous but narrower power on the Supreme Court limited to fundamental rights.
The doctrine of 'basic structure', restricting Parliament's power of constitutional amendment under Article 368, was authoritatively propounded by the Supreme Court in
aGolak Nath v. State of Punjab
bMinerva Mills v. Union of India
cKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
dA.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
Answer: C
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, AIR 1973 SC 1461, the Supreme Court held that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution so as to destroy or damage its basic structure.
The expression 'the State' for the purposes of Part III (Fundamental Rights) is defined in
aArticle 11
bArticle 12
cArticle 13
dArticle 36
Answer: B
Article 12 defines 'the State' to include the Government and Parliament of India, the Government and Legislature of each State, and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India.
Under Article 233 of the Constitution, the appointment of a person to be a district judge in a State is made by
athe Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State
bthe Chief Justice of the High Court alone
cthe President in consultation with the Chief Justice of India
dthe State Public Service Commission on the recommendation of the Governor
Answer: A
Article 233(1) provides that appointments, posting and promotion of district judges in a State are made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to that State.
A person not already in the service of the Union or of the State is eligible to be appointed a district judge under Article 233(2) only if he has been an advocate or pleader for not less than
afive years and is recommended by the High Court
bthree years and is recommended by the State Bar Council
cten years and is recommended by the Governor
dseven years and is recommended by the High Court
Answer: D
Article 233(2) requires a minimum of seven years' practice as an advocate or pleader and a recommendation by the High Court for direct appointment as a district judge from the Bar.
The control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto, including the posting, promotion and grant of leave to persons belonging to the judicial service of a State and holding any post inferior to that of district judge, is vested by the Constitution in
athe State Government
bthe Governor
cthe High Court
dthe District Magistrate
Answer: C
Article 235 vests in the High Court the control over district courts and subordinate courts, including posting, promotion and grant of leave to members of the State judicial service below the rank of district judge.
The power of a High Court to issue writs under Article 226 is, in one respect, wider than the power of the Supreme Court under Article 32 because Article 226 may be invoked
aonly for enforcement of fundamental rights
beven during suspension of Article 32 by a proclamation of emergency
conly against the Central Government
dfor enforcement of fundamental rights as well as for any other purpose
Answer: D
Article 226 empowers a High Court to issue writs not only for enforcement of fundamental rights but also for 'any other purpose', i.e. for enforcement of ordinary legal rights, making its scope wider than Article 32.
Under which Article does every High Court have power of superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction?
aArticle 226
bArticle 136
cArticle 235
dArticle 227
Answer: D
Article 227 confers on every High Court the power of superintendence (administrative and judicial) over all courts and tribunals within its territorial jurisdiction, except courts constituted under any law relating to the armed forces.
To be qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High Court under Article 217, a person who has been an advocate must have held that status (of a High Court, or of two or more such courts in succession) for at least
afive years
bseven years
cten years
dtwelve years
Answer: C
Article 217(2)(b) requires at least ten years' standing as an advocate of a High Court (or of two or more such courts in succession) for appointment as a High Court Judge.
Under Article 124(3), a citizen of India who has been a Judge of a High Court (or of two or more such courts in succession) is qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court if he has held that office for at least
athree years
bfive years
cseven years
dten years
Answer: B
Article 124(3)(a) prescribes a minimum of five years as a Judge of a High Court (or of two or more such courts in succession) as one of the qualifications for appointment to the Supreme Court.
The Directive Principle requiring the State to take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State is contained in
aArticle 50
bArticle 39A
cArticle 51
dArticle 44
Answer: A
Article 50, a Directive Principle of State Policy, directs the State to take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.
The doctrine that Parliament cannot, in exercise of its amending power under Article 368, alter the 'basic structure' of the Constitution was propounded by the Supreme Court in
aKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
bGolak Nath v. State of Punjab
cMinerva Mills v. Union of India
dA.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
Answer: A
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), a 13-Judge Bench held by a 7:6 majority that Parliament's amending power under Article 368 does not extend to altering the basic structure of the Constitution.
The power of the Governor of a State to promulgate ordinances during the recess of the State Legislature is conferred by
aArticle 123
bArticle 200
cArticle 356
dArticle 213
Answer: D
Article 213 empowers the Governor to promulgate ordinances when the Legislative Assembly (or both Houses, where there is a Council) is not in session, if he is satisfied that immediate action is necessary. (Article 123 is the analogous power of the President.)
Article 233A of the Constitution, which validates certain appointments of and judgments delivered by district judges made otherwise than in accordance with Articles 233 and 235, was inserted by
Article 233A was inserted by the Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966 to retrospectively validate appointments, postings, promotions and transfers of district judges, and judgments delivered by them, that did not strictly conform to Articles 233 and 235.
The Supreme Court first recognised the right to a speedy trial as part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21, while dealing with undertrial prisoners languishing in jails of Bihar, in
aManeka Gandhi v. Union of India
bSunil Batra v. Delhi Administration
cHussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar
dSheela Barse v. State of Maharashtra
Answer: C
In Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar (1979), arising from undertrial prisoners detained for years in Bihar jails, the Supreme Court held that the right to a speedy trial is an integral part of the fundamental right under Article 21.
While a Judge of a High Court appointed under Article 217 holds office until the age of 62 years, the Constitution prescribes for such appointment
ano minimum age limit
ba minimum age of 35 years
ca minimum age of 45 years
da minimum age of 40 years
Answer: A
Article 217 fixes the retiring age of a High Court Judge at 62 years but prescribes no minimum age for appointment; eligibility rests on the qualifications of judicial office or advocacy specified in clause (2).
In All India Judges Association v. Union of India (2025), the Supreme Court, reinforcing the constitutional scheme for the State judicial service, restored a minimum period of legal practice as a condition for direct recruitment to the post of Civil Judge (Junior Division) of
aone year
btwo years
cthree years
dseven years
Answer: C
In its 20 May 2025 judgment in All India Judges Association v. Union of India, the Supreme Court restored a minimum of three years' practice as an advocate (counted from provisional enrolment) as a precondition for eligibility to the Civil Judge (Junior Division) examination.
Under Article 368 of the Constitution, the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution does not extend to altering or destroying its 'basic structure'. This limitation on the amending power was laid down by the Supreme Court in
aGolak Nath v. State of Punjab
bMinerva Mills v. Union of India
cKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
dA.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
Answer: C
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973) 4 SCC 225, a 13-Judge Bench held that Parliament may amend any provision under Article 368 but cannot alter the basic structure of the Constitution.
Parliament may create one or more All India Services common to the Union and the States if the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) declares by resolution that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest. Under which Article, and supported by what majority, may such a resolution be passed?
aArticle 312, supported by not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting
bArticle 312, supported by a simple majority of members present and voting
cArticle 309, supported by an absolute majority of the total membership
dArticle 315, supported by not less than two-thirds of the total membership
Answer: A
Article 312(1) requires the Rajya Sabha to pass the resolution by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting before Parliament can create a new All India Service.
The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 substituted 'SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC' for 'SOVEREIGN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC' and added 'and integrity' to the Preamble.
Appointment of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, District Judges in any State is made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to that State. This is provided in
aArticle 217
bArticle 235
cArticle 233
dArticle 124
Answer: C
Article 233(1) vests the appointment, posting and promotion of District Judges in the Governor acting in consultation with the High Court. Control over subordinate courts is separately dealt with under Article 235.
The control over District Courts and courts subordinate thereto, including the posting, promotion and grant of leave to persons holding posts inferior to that of District Judge, is vested in
athe State Government
bthe Governor
cthe High Court
dthe State Public Service Commission
Answer: C
Article 235 vests control over the subordinate judiciary, including posting, promotion and leave of officers below District Judge, in the High Court, thereby securing judicial independence.
The writ jurisdiction of a High Court under Article 226 is wider than that of the Supreme Court under Article 32 chiefly because Article 226 permits the issue of writs
aonly for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights
bonly against the State and its instrumentalities
cfor the enforcement of Fundamental Rights and 'for any other purpose'
donly where no alternative remedy is available
Answer: C
Article 226(1) empowers a High Court to issue writs both for enforcement of Part III rights and 'for any other purpose'; these latter words, absent from Article 32, make its jurisdiction wider.
Parliament may by law provide for the abolition or creation of a Legislative Council in a State only if the Legislative Assembly of that State first passes a resolution by a majority of the total membership of the Assembly and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting. This procedure is contained in
aArticle 168
bArticle 171
cArticle 170
dArticle 169
Answer: D
Article 169 lays down the special-majority resolution of the State Legislative Assembly that must precede a Parliamentary law abolishing or creating a Legislative Council; such a law is not treated as a constitutional amendment under Article 368.
The validity of an election to a Panchayat cannot be questioned in any court except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as the State Legislature may provide. This bar on court interference in Panchayat electoral matters is contained in
aArticle 243-K
bArticle 243-O
cArticle 243-ZG
dArticle 329
Answer: B
Article 243-O bars courts from questioning delimitation laws and provides that no Panchayat election shall be questioned except by an election petition; the parallel provision for Municipalities is Article 243-ZG.
Fundamental Duties of citizens, contained in Part IV-A (Article 51A) of the Constitution, were inserted on the recommendation of the
aSarkaria Commission
bSwaran Singh Committee
cSanthanam Committee
dPunchhi Commission
Answer: B
Acting on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee, the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 inserted Part IV-A (Article 51A) prescribing Fundamental Duties of citizens.
The High Court of Judicature at Patna was established with effect from 1916 by
aLetters Patent dated 9th February, 1916
bthe Government of India Act, 1935
cthe Indian High Courts Act, 1861
dthe States Reorganisation Act, 1956
Answer: A
The Patna High Court was constituted by Letters Patent dated 9th February 1916, after which the Calcutta High Court ceased to exercise jurisdiction over the territory of Bihar and Orissa.
Recruitment of persons (other than District Judges) to the judicial service of a State is made by the Governor in accordance with rules made by him after consultation with the State Public Service Commission and with the High Court. This is provided in
aArticle 233
bArticle 309
cArticle 236
dArticle 234
Answer: D
Article 234 governs recruitment to the judicial service below the rank of District Judge, requiring the Governor to consult both the State Public Service Commission and the High Court.
Under the Constitution, the subject 'Administration of justice; constitution and organisation of all courts, except the Supreme Court and the High Courts' falls within
athe Union List
bthe State List
cthe Concurrent List
dthe residuary power of Parliament
Answer: C
Entry 11A of List III (Concurrent List), inserted by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, covers 'Administration of justice; constitution and organisation of all courts except the Supreme Court and the High Courts.'
The minimum age prescribed for a person to be eligible for appointment as a Judge of a High Court is
a45 years
b35 years
c40 years
dno minimum age is prescribed
Answer: D
Article 217(2) prescribes only qualifications (citizenship plus judicial/advocate experience); unlike Article 124 for Supreme Court Judges, it fixes no minimum age for appointment as a High Court Judge.
While the Legislature of a State is not in session, the power to promulgate an Ordinance having the same force and effect as an Act of the State Legislature is vested in
athe Governor under Article 213
bthe Chief Minister
cthe President under Article 123
dthe Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
Answer: A
Article 213 empowers the Governor to promulgate Ordinances when the State Legislature is not in session and immediate action is necessary; such an Ordinance must be laid before the Legislature and ceases to operate within the prescribed period.
Under which Article of the Constitution of India is the procedure for the impeachment of the President laid down?
aArticle 56
bArticle 61
cArticle 72
dArticle 74
Answer: B
Article 61 prescribes the procedure for impeachment of the President for violation of the Constitution, the charge being preferred by either House of Parliament.
A High Court has the power to issue writs not only for the enforcement of fundamental rights but also 'for any other purpose'. This wider power is conferred by
aArticle 226
bArticle 32
cArticle 136
dArticle 227
Answer: A
The expression 'for any other purpose' in Article 226 makes the writ jurisdiction of the High Court wider than that of the Supreme Court under Article 32, which is confined to enforcement of fundamental rights.
The basic structure doctrine, limiting Parliament's power to amend the Constitution, was propounded by the Supreme Court in
aGolak Nath v. State of Punjab
bKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
cMinerva Mills v. Union of India
dA.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
Answer: B
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), a 13-judge bench held by a 7:6 majority that Parliament may amend the Constitution under Article 368 but cannot alter its basic structure.
The Right to Property was removed from the list of fundamental rights and made a constitutional right under Article 300A by
athe 42nd Amendment, 1976
bthe 44th Amendment, 1978
cthe 25th Amendment, 1971
dthe 1st Amendment, 1951
Answer: B
The 44th Amendment Act, 1978 repealed Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31 and inserted Article 300A in Part XII, making the right to property a mere constitutional right.
The provision for a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament to resolve a deadlock over a Bill (other than a Money Bill or Constitution amendment Bill) is contained in
aArticle 110
bArticle 108
cArticle 109
dArticle 111
Answer: B
Article 108 empowers the President to summon a joint sitting of both Houses when a Bill is rejected, or amendments are disagreed to, or six months elapse without passage; it does not apply to Money Bills.
The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India can be removed from office
aby the President at his pleasure
bon the recommendation of the Union Public Service Commission
cby a simple majority of the Lok Sabha alone
din the like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court
Answer: D
Under Article 148, the CAG can be removed only in the same manner and on the same grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court, i.e. by impeachment, securing his independence.
A Proclamation of National Emergency under Article 352 may be issued by the President on the ground of
awar, external aggression or armed rebellion
bfailure of constitutional machinery in a State
cthreat to the financial stability of India
dinternal disturbance arising from a natural calamity
Answer: A
Article 352, as amended by the 44th Amendment, permits a National Emergency only on the ground of war, external aggression or armed rebellion ('internal disturbance' was substituted by 'armed rebellion').
The Finance Commission constituted by the President under Article 280 consists of a Chairman and
atwo other members
bthree other members
cfive other members
dfour other members
Answer: D
Under Article 280, the Finance Commission consists of a Chairman and four other members appointed by the President to recommend distribution of revenues between the Union and the States.
Whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, if any question arises, the decision of which authority thereon is final?
aThe President of India
bThe Speaker of the Lok Sabha
cThe Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
dThe Attorney-General for India
Answer: B
Under Article 110(3), if any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill, the decision of the Speaker of the House of the People (Lok Sabha) thereon is final.
The Attorney-General for India is appointed by the President under
aArticle 76
bArticle 78
cArticle 88
dArticle 148
Answer: A
Under Article 76, the President appoints a person qualified to be a Judge of the Supreme Court as the Attorney-General for India, who holds office during the pleasure of the President.
A Proclamation of Financial Emergency may be issued by the President under
aArticle 352
bArticle 356
cArticle 365
dArticle 360
Answer: D
Article 360 empowers the President to declare a Financial Emergency if satisfied that the financial stability or credit of India or any part of its territory is threatened; it has never been invoked.
Every Judge of the Supreme Court is appointed by the President under which Article of the Constitution?
aArticle 217
bArticle 126
cArticle 124
dArticle 233
Answer: C
Under Article 124(2), every Judge of the Supreme Court is appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation as prescribed.
President's Rule, imposed where the government of a State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, is provided for under
aArticle 352
bArticle 356
cArticle 360
dArticle 365
Answer: B
Article 356 enables the President, on a report of the Governor or otherwise, to assume to himself the functions of the State government where constitutional machinery in the State has failed.
Under Article 233 of the Constitution, a person not already in the service of the Union or the State is eligible to be appointed a district judge only if he has been an advocate or pleader for not less than
afive years
bten years
cseven years
dthree years
Answer: C
Article 233(2) requires that such a person must have been an advocate or pleader for at least seven years and be recommended by the High Court for appointment.
The appointment of district judges in a State is made by
athe Chief Justice of the High Court alone
bthe President of India in consultation with the Chief Justice of India
cthe State Public Service Commission
dthe Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court
Answer: D
Under Article 233(1), appointments, postings and promotions of district judges in a State are made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in that State.
The control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto, including the posting and promotion of officers below the rank of district judge, is vested by the Constitution in
athe High Court
bthe Governor
cthe State Government
dthe Supreme Court
Answer: A
Article 235 vests in the High Court the control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto, including posting, promotion and grant of leave to members of the judicial service below the rank of district judge.
Article 233A was inserted by the Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966 to validate appointments of district judges made otherwise than in accordance with Articles 233 and 235, in the wake of Chandra Mohan v. State of U.P.
Which Article empowers a High Court to issue writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari not only for the enforcement of fundamental rights but also for any other purpose?
aArticle 226
bArticle 136
cArticle 32
dArticle 227
Answer: A
Article 226 confers on every High Court power to issue writs for enforcement of Part III rights and for any other purpose, making its writ jurisdiction wider than that of the Supreme Court under Article 32.
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar described which Article as the very heart and soul of the Constitution?
aArticle 32
bArticle 21
cArticle 14
dArticle 226
Answer: A
Ambedkar described Article 32 (right to constitutional remedies) as the heart and soul of the Constitution, since without it the guarantee of fundamental rights would be a nullity.
The power of the Governor to promulgate Ordinances during the recess of the State Legislature is contained in
aArticle 213
bArticle 200
cArticle 123
dArticle 356
Answer: A
Article 213 empowers the Governor to promulgate Ordinances when the State Legislature (or either House, where bicameral) is not in session and immediate action is required.
The Ninth Schedule, which protects the laws specified in it from challenge on the ground of violation of fundamental rights, was added to the Constitution by
The Ninth Schedule along with Article 31B was introduced by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, chiefly to protect land reform and zamindari abolition laws.
During a Proclamation of Emergency under Article 352, the enforcement of which fundamental rights can never be suspended by an order under Article 359?
aArticles 14 and 19
bArticles 25 and 26
cArticles 20 and 21
dArticles 29 and 30
Answer: C
After the 44th Amendment, 1978, an order under Article 359 cannot suspend the enforcement of the rights under Articles 20 and 21 during an Emergency.
The 73rd Amendment, 1992 inserted Part IX ('The Panchayats', Articles 243 to 243-O) and the Eleventh Schedule listing 29 subjects; the 74th Amendment dealt with Municipalities.
The protection that a civil servant shall not be dismissed or removed or reduced in rank except after an inquiry in which he has been given a reasonable opportunity of being heard is guaranteed by
aArticle 309
bArticle 310
cArticle 312
dArticle 311
Answer: D
Article 311 provides the constitutional safeguards against dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State.
The 86th Amendment, 2002 inserted Article 21A guaranteeing free and compulsory education to children aged six to fourteen years, later operationalised by the RTE Act, 2009.
Under the Constitution of India, the power of a Governor to promulgate an Ordinance when the State Legislature is not in session is conferred by
aArticle 123
bArticle 213
cArticle 356
dArticle 154
Answer: B
Article 213 empowers the Governor to promulgate Ordinances during the recess of the State Legislature; Article 123 is the corresponding power of the President at the Union level.
Appointments of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in any State are made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court under
aArticle 217
bArticle 235
cArticle 233
dArticle 124
Answer: C
Article 233(1) provides that appointments, posting and promotion of district judges shall be made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in the State.
A person not already in the service of the Union or of a State is eligible to be appointed a district judge only if he has been an advocate or pleader for not less than
afive years
bseven years
cten years
dthree years
Answer: B
Under Article 233(2), such a person must have been an advocate or pleader for not less than seven years and be recommended by the High Court for appointment.
The control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto, including the posting and promotion of, and the grant of leave to, persons belonging to the judicial service of a State and holding a post inferior to that of district judge, is vested in
athe Governor of the State
bthe State Public Service Commission
cthe State Government
dthe High Court
Answer: D
Article 235 vests in the High Court the control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto, including posting, promotion and grant of leave to members of the subordinate judicial service.
The power of a High Court to issue directions, orders or writs to any person or authority within the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction is conferred by
aArticle 226
bArticle 32
cArticle 227
dArticle 139
Answer: A
Article 226(1) confers on every High Court the power to issue writs to any person or authority within its territorial jurisdiction; Article 32 confers the corresponding power on the Supreme Court.
The power of superintendence of a High Court over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction is contained in
aArticle 226
bArticle 215
cArticle 235
dArticle 227
Answer: D
Article 227 confers on every High Court the power of superintendence (both administrative and judicial) over all courts and tribunals within its jurisdiction, except courts and tribunals relating to the Armed Forces.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described which Article of the Constitution as its 'very heart and soul'?
aArticle 14
bArticle 19
cArticle 21
dArticle 32
Answer: D
Dr. Ambedkar called Article 32, the Right to Constitutional Remedies, the heart and soul of the Constitution, as it guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the Supreme Court held that the 'procedure established by law' under Article 21 must be
afair, just and reasonable, and not arbitrary or oppressive
bany procedure duly enacted by the legislature, however arbitrary
cthe same as the American 'due process of law' in every respect
da procedure approved only by the President
Answer: A
In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597, the Court held that the procedure depriving a person of life or personal liberty under Article 21 must be right, just and fair and not arbitrary, fanciful or oppressive.
Every Judge of a High Court is appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and (in the case of a Judge other than the Chief Justice) the Chief Justice of the High Court, under
aArticle 124
bArticle 233
cArticle 217
dArticle 214
Answer: C
Article 217(1) prescribes that a High Court Judge is appointed by the President after the specified consultation; the appointee holds office until the age of sixty-two years.
Which of the following amendments to the Constitution requires, in addition to a special majority of Parliament, ratification by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States?
aAbolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States
bCreation of a new State by Parliament under Article 3
cAmendment of the provisions relating to the Supreme Court and the High Courts
dAmendment relating to citizenship
Answer: C
Under the proviso to Article 368(2), amendments touching the Union judiciary and the High Courts in the States, among other federal provisions, require ratification by the Legislatures of at least one-half of the States.
Article 214 declares that there shall be a High Court for each State; Article 215 makes every High Court a court of record, and Article 231 allows a common High Court for two or more States.
The High Court of Judicature at Patna, which exercises jurisdiction over the State of Bihar, was established in the year
a1862
b1935
c1916
d1950
Answer: C
The Patna High Court was established in 1916 (commencing work from 1 March 1916) and originally exercised jurisdiction over the Province of Bihar and Orissa.
Under the unamended original text of Article 124(1) of the Constitution, the Supreme Court was to consist of the Chief Justice of India and, until Parliament prescribed a larger number, not more than how many other Judges?
aseven other Judges
bfive other Judges
cten other Judges
dthirteen other Judges
Answer: A
As originally enacted, Article 124(1) fixed the Supreme Court at the Chief Justice of India and not more than seven other Judges, until Parliament by law prescribed a larger number. The strength has since been raised, the latest being 33 other Judges by the 2019 Act.
The doctrine of 'basic structure' of the Constitution, holding that Parliament's power under Article 368 cannot alter the basic structure, was propounded by the Supreme Court in
aGolak Nath v. State of Punjab
bShankari Prasad v. Union of India
cMinerva Mills v. Union of India
dKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
Answer: D
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), a 13-Judge Bench held by a 7:6 majority that Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution but cannot damage or destroy its basic structure.
Which Article of the Constitution provides that there shall be a High Court for each State?
aArticle 211
bArticle 214
cArticle 217
dArticle 226
Answer: B
Article 214 mandates that there shall be a High Court for each State. Article 231 permits a common High Court for two or more States, as in the case of the Punjab and Haryana High Court.
The Patna High Court, exercising jurisdiction over the State of Bihar, was established in the year
a1916
b1862
c1935
d1950
Answer: A
The Patna High Court was established on 3 February 1916 by Letters Patent and commenced functioning on 1 March 1916, with Sir Edward Maynard Des Champs Chamier as its first Chief Justice.
Fundamental Duties were inserted into the Constitution as Article 51A by which Constitutional Amendment, on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee?
aThe 86th Amendment, 2002
bThe 44th Amendment, 1978
cThe 24th Amendment, 1971
dThe 42nd Amendment, 1976
Answer: D
The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee, added Part IV-A (Article 51A) listing ten Fundamental Duties; the 86th Amendment, 2002 later added an eleventh.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described which Article of the Constitution as its 'heart and soul', being the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights?
aArticle 14
bArticle 32
cArticle 21
dArticle 226
Answer: B
Article 32, guaranteeing the right to constitutional remedies and empowering the Supreme Court to issue writs, was called the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
In which case did the Supreme Court hold that the 'procedure established by law' under Article 21 must be fair, just and reasonable, and not arbitrary, fanciful or oppressive?
aManeka Gandhi v. Union of India
bA.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
cADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla
dOlga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation
Answer: A
In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the Supreme Court held that the procedure contemplated by Article 21 must be just, fair and reasonable, overruling the narrow view in A.K. Gopalan.
Under Article 280 of the Constitution, the Finance Commission is constituted by the President at the expiration of every
athird year
bfourth year
cfifth year
dsixth year
Answer: C
Article 280 requires the President to constitute a Finance Commission at the expiration of every fifth year, or earlier if considered necessary, consisting of a Chairman and four other members.
The power of a High Court to issue writs under Article 226, as compared with the writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court under Article 32, is
awider, as it covers both Fundamental Rights and other legal rights
bnarrower, being confined to enforcement of Fundamental Rights only
cidentical in scope and limited to Fundamental Rights
davailable only when the Supreme Court declines to act
Answer: A
Article 226 is wider than Article 32 because a High Court may issue writs not only for enforcement of Fundamental Rights but also 'for any other purpose', i.e. for enforcement of ordinary legal rights.
Part IX of the Constitution, providing for a three-tier Panchayati Raj system at the village, intermediate and district levels, was inserted by which Constitutional Amendment?
aThe 44th Amendment, 1978
bThe 74th Amendment, 1992
cThe 65th Amendment, 1990
dThe 73rd Amendment, 1992
Answer: D
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 added Part IX (Articles 243 to 243-O) and the Eleventh Schedule, providing for a three-tier Panchayati Raj structure.
The Seventh Schedule to the Constitution, which distributes legislative powers between the Union and the States through three Lists, is referable to which Article?
aArticle 246
bArticle 245
cArticle 248
dArticle 254
Answer: A
Article 246 read with the Seventh Schedule distributes legislative subjects into the Union List, State List and Concurrent List, demarcating the legislative competence of Parliament and the State Legislatures.
Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form forbidden by which Article of the Constitution?
aArticle 15
bArticle 17
cArticle 16
dArticle 18
Answer: B
Article 17 abolishes untouchability and forbids its practice in any form; the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 (originally the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955) was enacted to give effect to it.
Under Article 148 of the Constitution, the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India can be removed from office only
ain like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court
bby the President at his pleasure
con a resolution of the Lok Sabha by simple majority
dby the Council of Ministers on grounds of misbehaviour
Answer: A
Article 148 provides that the CAG, though appointed by the President, can be removed only in the same manner and on the same grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court, securing the independence of the office.
Under Article 61, a resolution to impeach the President for violation of the Constitution must be passed by each House of Parliament by a majority of
aa simple majority of the members present and voting
btwo-thirds of the members present and voting
ctwo-thirds of the total membership of that House
dthree-fourths of the total membership of that House
Answer: C
Article 61 requires the impeachment resolution to be passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of each House, after a 14-day notice signed by at least one-fourth of the members.
An amendment of the Constitution under Article 368 may be initiated by the introduction of a Bill
ain either House of Parliament
bonly in the Rajya Sabha
conly in the Lok Sabha
din a State Legislative Assembly with the Governor's recommendation
Answer: A
Article 368 provides that an amendment may be initiated only by introducing a Bill in either House of Parliament, which must then be passed in each House by the prescribed special majority.
Under Article 233 of the Constitution of India, the appointment of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in a State shall be made by the
aGovernor of the State in consultation with the High Court
bChief Justice of the High Court alone
cPresident in consultation with the Supreme Court
dState Public Service Commission
Answer: A
Article 233(1) vests the appointment, posting and promotion of district judges in the Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in that State.
A person not already in the service of the Union or of a State is eligible to be appointed a district judge under Article 233(2) only if he has been an advocate or pleader for not less than
afive years
bseven years
cten years
dtwelve years
Answer: B
Article 233(2) requires that such a person must have been an advocate or pleader for not less than seven years and be recommended by the High Court for appointment.
Under which Article of the Constitution is the control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto, including the posting, promotion and grant of leave to persons of the State judicial service holding posts inferior to that of district judge, vested in the High Court?
aArticle 233
bArticle 234
cArticle 235
dArticle 237
Answer: C
Article 235 vests control over district courts and subordinate courts, including posting, promotion and grant of leave to members of the State judicial service below the rank of district judge, in the High Court.
Every Judge of the Supreme Court of India shall hold office until he attains the age of
a60 years
b62 years
c65 years
d68 years
Answer: C
Under Article 124(2), a Judge of the Supreme Court holds office until he attains the age of 65 years; the retirement age for a High Court Judge under Article 217 is 62 years.
Which one of the following statements regarding the writ jurisdiction of the High Court under Article 226 is correct?
aIt can be invoked only for the enforcement of fundamental rights
bIt is a fundamental right that cannot be suspended
cIt is available only against the State and not against private persons
dIt can be invoked for the enforcement of fundamental rights and for any other purpose
Answer: D
Unlike Article 32, which is confined to fundamental rights, Article 226 empowers a High Court to issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights and 'for any other purpose', making its scope wider.
The doctrine of 'basic structure' of the Constitution, limiting Parliament's power of amendment under Article 368, was propounded by the Supreme Court in
aGolak Nath v. State of Punjab
bKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
cMinerva Mills v. Union of India
dA. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
Answer: B
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), a 13-judge bench held by a 7:6 majority that Parliament may amend the Constitution under Article 368 but cannot alter its basic structure.
The protection against double jeopardy, that no person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once, is guaranteed under
aArticle 20(1)
bArticle 20(3)
cArticle 20(2)
dArticle 21
Answer: C
Article 20(2) embodies the rule against double jeopardy; Article 20(1) deals with ex post facto laws and Article 20(3) with protection against self-incrimination.
The protection against self-incrimination, namely that no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself, is contained in
aArticle 20(1)
bArticle 20(3)
cArticle 20(2)
dArticle 22(1)
Answer: B
Article 20(3) provides that no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself, embodying the privilege against self-incrimination.
In which case did the Supreme Court hold that the 'procedure established by law' under Article 21 must be right, just and fair, and not arbitrary, fanciful or oppressive?
aA. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
bManeka Gandhi v. Union of India
cADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla
dKharak Singh v. State of U.P.
Answer: B
In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the Supreme Court held that the procedure contemplated by Article 21 must be fair, just and reasonable, overruling the narrow view in A. K. Gopalan.
The power of superintendence of a High Court over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction is conferred by
aArticle 226
bArticle 235
cArticle 227
dArticle 246
Answer: C
Article 227 confers on every High Court the power of superintendence over all courts and tribunals within its jurisdiction, except courts constituted under any law relating to the armed forces.
Under Article 124(2) of the Constitution, every Judge of the Supreme Court is appointed by the
aChief Justice of India
bPrime Minister on the advice of the Cabinet
cPresident by warrant under his hand and seal
dParliament by a resolution
Answer: C
Article 124(2) provides that every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation as prescribed.
The Constitution of India provides under Article 214 that there shall be a High Court for
aevery district
bevery group of three States
cevery Union Territory
devery State
Answer: D
Article 214 provides that there shall be a High Court for each State; a common High Court for two or more States or a Union Territory may be established under Article 231.
The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution is itself guaranteed as a fundamental right under
aArticle 32
bArticle 13
cArticle 226
dArticle 136
Answer: A
Article 32 guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of fundamental rights and is itself a fundamental right; Dr. Ambedkar called it the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution.
A High Court consists of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint. This provision is found in
aArticle 214
bArticle 222
cArticle 217
dArticle 216
Answer: D
Article 216 provides that every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint.
The prohibition against ex post facto criminal laws, namely that no person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act, is contained in
aArticle 20(1)
bArticle 20(2)
cArticle 21
dArticle 22(2)
Answer: A
Article 20(1) bars conviction under a law that was not in force when the act was committed and prohibits a penalty greater than that prescribed at the time of the offence.
Under Article 233 of the Constitution, the appointment of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in a State are made by the Governor of the State
ain consultation with the Chief Justice of India
bon the recommendation of the State Public Service Commission
cwith the previous sanction of the President of India
din consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State
Answer: D
Article 233(1) provides that appointment, posting and promotion of district judges shall be made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to that State.
A person who is not already in the service of the Union or of the State is eligible to be appointed a district judge under Article 233(2) only if he has been an advocate or pleader for not less than
aseven years
bfive years
cten years
dtwelve years
Answer: A
Under Article 233(2), a person not in Union or State service may be appointed a district judge only if he has been for not less than seven years an advocate or pleader and is recommended by the High Court.
Control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto, including the posting, promotion and grant of leave to persons belonging to the judicial service of a State and holding any post inferior to the post of district judge, is vested by the Constitution in
athe High Court
bthe State Government
cthe Governor of the State
dthe Supreme Court
Answer: A
Article 235 vests control over subordinate courts, including posting, promotion and grant of leave of judicial officers below the rank of district judge, in the High Court.
The Patna High Court, which exercised jurisdiction over the territory now forming the State of Jharkhand until its bifurcation, was established in the year
a1916
b1862
c1935
d1950
Answer: A
The Patna High Court was established in 1916 (formally inaugurated on 1 March 1916), making it one of the older High Courts in India.
The State of Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar, and the Jharkhand High Court came into existence, under
athe States Reorganisation Act, 1956
bthe North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971
cthe Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000
dthe Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000
Answer: D
Jharkhand was created on 15 November 2000 by the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000, and the Jharkhand High Court at Ranchi was established under the same Act.
The power of every High Court to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, for the enforcement of fundamental rights and 'for any other purpose' is contained in
aArticle 32
bArticle 226
cArticle 136
dArticle 227
Answer: B
Article 226 empowers every High Court to issue the named writs both for enforcement of Part III rights and 'for any other purpose', giving it a wider sweep than Article 32.
The expression 'for any other purpose' occurring in Article 226, but absent from Article 32, signifies that
athe High Court can issue writs only for enforcement of fundamental rights
bthe High Court's writ jurisdiction extends beyond enforcement of fundamental rights to enforcement of ordinary legal rights as well
cthe High Court may issue writs only against the State Government
dthe Supreme Court alone can enforce ordinary legal rights
Answer: B
Unlike Article 32, which is confined to fundamental rights, Article 226's words 'for any other purpose' allow the High Court to issue writs for the enforcement of ordinary legal rights too.
A Judge of a High Court can be removed from office by the President only after an address by each House of Parliament supported by
aa simple majority of the members present and voting
ba majority of the members present and voting in a joint sitting
cthree-fourths of the total membership of that House
da majority of the total membership of that House and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting
Answer: D
Under Article 217 read with Article 124(4), a High Court Judge is removed only after an address supported by a majority of the total membership of the House and a majority of not less than two-thirds of members present and voting, on grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.
In Chapter VI of Part VI of the Constitution, the expression 'judicial service' as interpreted in Article 236 means
aevery officer holding a post in the State secretariat dealing with law
ball persons employed in the establishment of the High Court
cthe service of public prosecutors and government pleaders
da service consisting exclusively of persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts inferior to the post of district judge
Answer: D
Article 236(b) defines 'judicial service' as a service consisting exclusively of persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts inferior to that post.
Article 21A, which makes the right to free and compulsory education for children of the age of six to fourteen years a fundamental right, was inserted into the Constitution by
athe 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976
bthe 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978
cthe 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992
dthe 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002
Answer: D
The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002 inserted Article 21A, making free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 a fundamental right.
A District Judge appointed under Article 233 holds, for the purposes of that Chapter, a post which by virtue of Article 236(a) includes
ajudge of a Small Cause Court but not an Additional District Judge
bjudge of a city civil court, additional district judge, joint district judge, assistant district judge, chief judge of a small cause court, chief presidency magistrate, additional chief presidency magistrate, sessions judge, additional sessions judge and assistant sessions judge
conly the principal district judge of a district
devery civil judge (junior division) in the State
Answer: B
Article 236(a) gives an inclusive definition of 'district judge' covering judges of city civil courts, additional/joint/assistant district judges, chief judges of small cause courts, chief presidency magistrates, sessions judges, additional and assistant sessions judges.
Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service of a State is to be made in accordance with rules framed by the Governor in this behalf after consultation with
athe State Public Service Commission only
bthe High Court only
cthe State Public Service Commission and the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State
dthe Council of Ministers of the State
Answer: C
Article 234 provides that appointments of persons other than district judges to the State judicial service are made by the Governor in accordance with rules made after consultation with both the State Public Service Commission and the High Court.
The guaranteed right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution is itself a fundamental right under
aArticle 143
bArticle 226
cArticle 136
dArticle 32
Answer: D
Article 32 guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of fundamental rights and is itself a fundamental right, described by Dr. Ambedkar as the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution.
The advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, under which the President may refer a question of law or fact of public importance for the Court's opinion, is contained in
aArticle 131
bArticle 143
cArticle 137
dArticle 145
Answer: B
Article 143 empowers the President to consult the Supreme Court on a question of law or fact of public importance; the opinion so given is advisory and not binding on the President.
By which Constitutional Amendment Act was the expression 'internal disturbance' substituted by 'armed rebellion' as a ground for proclamation of National Emergency under Article 352?
a42nd Amendment Act, 1976
b44th Amendment Act, 1978
c38th Amendment Act, 1975
d59th Amendment Act, 1988
Answer: B
The 44th Amendment Act, 1978 replaced 'internal disturbance' with 'armed rebellion' in Article 352, narrowing the grounds for declaring a National Emergency.
The writ jurisdiction of a High Court under Article 226 is wider than that of the Supreme Court under Article 32 because Article 226 permits issuance of writs
afor enforcement of fundamental rights as well as for any other purpose
bonly for enforcement of fundamental rights
conly against the Union Government
donly in respect of money matters
Answer: A
Article 226 empowers High Courts to issue writs for enforcement of fundamental rights 'and for any other purpose', i.e. also for enforcement of ordinary legal rights, whereas Article 32 is confined to fundamental rights.
The doctrine of 'basic structure' of the Constitution, which limits Parliament's power of amendment under Article 368, was propounded by the Supreme Court in
aGolak Nath v. State of Punjab
bMinerva Mills v. Union of India
cKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
dA.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
Answer: C
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), a 13-judge Bench by a 7:6 majority held that Parliament cannot amend the basic structure of the Constitution.
The right of all minorities, whether based on religion or language, to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice is guaranteed by
aArticle 29
bArticle 30
cArticle 25
dArticle 28
Answer: B
Article 30(1) guarantees to all minorities, religious or linguistic, the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
Under the Constitution of India, the appointment of District Judges in a State is made by
athe State Public Service Commission
bthe Chief Justice of India
cthe Governor in consultation with the High Court
dthe State Legislature
Answer: C
Under Article 233(1), appointments of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, District Judges in a State are made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in that State.
The 'Directive Principles of State Policy' contained in Part IV of the Constitution are
anot enforceable by any court but fundamental in the governance of the country
benforceable by the courts
cenforceable only by the Supreme Court
denforceable only against the Union Government
Answer: A
Article 37 declares that the Directive Principles shall not be enforceable by any court, but are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country and it is the duty of the State to apply them in making laws.
The subjects on which both Parliament and the State Legislatures can make laws are enumerated in the
aUnion List of the Seventh Schedule
bConcurrent List of the Seventh Schedule
cState List of the Seventh Schedule
dEighth Schedule
Answer: B
Under Article 246 read with the Seventh Schedule, the Concurrent List (List III) enumerates subjects on which both Parliament and State Legislatures are competent to legislate.
The maximum period for which a Proclamation of Emergency under Article 356 (President's Rule in a State) can ordinarily remain in force, in the absence of the special circumstances permitting extension, is
aone year, not extendable
bsix months at a time, extendable up to a maximum of three years
ctwo years, not extendable
dindefinite period
Answer: B
A Proclamation under Article 356, once approved, remains in force for six months and may be extended six months at a time up to a maximum of three years, subject to the conditions in the proviso to Article 356(4).
The power of the President to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment, including in cases of sentence of death, is conferred by
aArticle 75
bArticle 161
cArticle 123
dArticle 72
Answer: D
Article 72 confers on the President the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment, and this power extends to cases where the sentence is a sentence of death.
An amendment of the Constitution seeking to change the provisions relating to the election of the President or the powers of the Supreme Court requires, in addition to a special majority of Parliament,
aratification by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States
ba simple majority of the State Legislatures
cratification by all the State Legislatures
dthe prior assent of the President only
Answer: A
Under the proviso to Article 368(2), amendments affecting entrenched provisions (such as election of the President, distribution of legislative powers, or the Supreme Court and High Courts) additionally require ratification by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States.
The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of fundamental rights is itself a fundamental right guaranteed under
aArticle 32
bArticle 21
cArticle 19
dArticle 226
Answer: A
Article 32 guarantees the right to constitutional remedies; Dr. Ambedkar described it as the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution, and it is itself a fundamental right.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described which Article of the Constitution of India as its 'heart and soul', being the one Article without which the Constitution would be a nullity?
aArticle 14
bArticle 32
cArticle 19
dArticle 21
Answer: B
Article 32 guarantees the right to constitutional remedies, allowing a person to move the Supreme Court directly for enforcement of Fundamental Rights; Ambedkar called it the very heart and soul of the Constitution.
The doctrine of 'basic structure' of the Constitution, which limits Parliament's power of amendment, was propounded by the Supreme Court in which case?
aGolak Nath v. State of Punjab
bA.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
cMinerva Mills v. Union of India
dKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
Answer: D
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), a 13-judge bench held by a 7:6 majority that Parliament may amend any part of the Constitution under Article 368 but cannot alter or destroy its basic structure.
The words 'Socialist', 'Secular' and 'Integrity' were added to the Preamble of the Constitution of India by which Amendment Act?
aThe 24th Amendment Act, 1971
bThe 44th Amendment Act, 1978
cThe 42nd Amendment Act, 1976
dThe 52nd Amendment Act, 1985
Answer: C
The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, altered the description of India to a 'Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic' and substituted 'unity and integrity of the nation' in the Preamble.
The Fundamental Duties of citizens contained in Article 51A were inserted into the Constitution by which Amendment Act?
aThe 44th Amendment Act, 1978
bThe 42nd Amendment Act, 1976
cThe 86th Amendment Act, 2002
dThe 1st Amendment Act, 1951
Answer: B
Part IVA, containing Article 51A with the Fundamental Duties, was added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee.
Constitutional status was conferred upon Panchayati Raj Institutions, by inserting Part IX and Article 243, through which Amendment Act?
aThe 65th Amendment Act, 1990
bThe 74th Amendment Act, 1992
cThe 73rd Amendment Act, 1992
dThe 61st Amendment Act, 1989
Answer: C
The 73rd Amendment Act, 1992, added Part IX ('The Panchayats', Articles 243 to 243-O) and the Eleventh Schedule, giving constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions in rural areas.
In which case did the Supreme Court hold that the 'procedure established by law' under Article 21 must be just, fair and reasonable, thereby reading principles of natural justice into it?
aA.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
bManeka Gandhi v. Union of India
cADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla
dState of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan
Answer: B
In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the Supreme Court held that any procedure depriving a person of life or personal liberty under Article 21 must be just, fair and reasonable, infusing due-process content into the Article.
Under the Constitution of India, the power of a High Court to issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights and 'for any other purpose' is contained in which Article?
aArticle 32
bArticle 139
cArticle 227
dArticle 226
Answer: D
Article 226 empowers every High Court to issue writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari for enforcement of Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose, a jurisdiction wider than that of the Supreme Court under Article 32.
Which Directive Principle of State Policy under Part IV of the Constitution directs the State to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India?
aArticle 40
bArticle 48
cArticle 39A
dArticle 44
Answer: D
Article 44 of the Constitution directs the State to endeavour to secure for citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.
Which Directive Principle directs the State to organise village panchayats and endow them with such powers as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government?
aArticle 39
bArticle 40
cArticle 43
dArticle 47
Answer: B
Article 40, reflecting the Gandhian principle of village self-rule, directs the State to organise village panchayats and grant them powers to function as units of self-government.
The President of India is elected by an electoral college in accordance with which Article of the Constitution?
aArticle 52
bArticle 55
cArticle 54
dArticle 58
Answer: C
Article 54 provides that the President shall be elected by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament and the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
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