Delhi Judiciary · Prelims Mock Test 2

Delhi Judiciary Mock Test 2 — Questions & Solutions

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Q1General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Which country is scheduled to host the G20 Leaders' Summit in 2026?

aUnited States of America
bSouth Africa
cBrazil
dIndia
Answer: A
The United States holds the G20 presidency in 2026 and will host the Leaders' Summit at Miami in December 2026; South Africa hosted in 2025 and India in 2023.
Q2General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The Booker Prize 2025 was awarded to David Szalay for which novel?

aFlesh
bProphet Song
cOrbital
dThe Bee Sting
Answer: A
Hungarian-British author David Szalay won the 2025 Booker Prize for his novel 'Flesh', selected by a panel chaired by Roddy Doyle.
Q3General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

In 2024, the Bharat Ratna was conferred on five persons. Which of the following was NOT among the 2024 recipients?

aChaudhary Charan Singh
bPranab Mukherjee
cKarpoori Thakur
dP.V. Narasimha Rao
Answer: B
The five 2024 Bharat Ratna awardees were Karpoori Thakur, L.K. Advani, Chaudhary Charan Singh, P.V. Narasimha Rao and M.S. Swaminathan; Pranab Mukherjee was conferred the award earlier, in 2019.
Q4General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The legal maxim 'audi alteram partem' embodies which principle of natural justice?

aLike cases must be treated alike
bHear the other side before deciding against him
cA reasoned order must be passed
dNo person shall be a judge in his own cause
Answer: B
'Audi alteram partem' literally means 'hear the other side', and it is the natural-justice rule that no one should be condemned unheard. The 'no judge in his own cause' rule is the separate maxim 'nemo judex in causa sua'.
Q5General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The maxim 'actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea' conveys that:

aAn act of the court shall prejudice no one
bNo one can transfer a better title than he himself has
cAn act alone, without a guilty mind, does not make a person guilty
dIgnorance of law is no excuse
Answer: C
The maxim means that an act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty, expressing the requirement of mens rea (a guilty mind) alongside the actus reus.
Q6General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

In Salmond's analytical jurisprudence, a 'right in rem' is best described as a right that is:

aAvailable only against a determinate person
bAvailable against the world at large
cAvailable only against the State
dIncapable of legal enforcement
Answer: B
A right in rem is available against persons generally (the world at large), such as ownership, whereas a right in personam is available against a determinate person, such as a contractual right.
Q7General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Which jurist is most closely associated with the 'Pure Theory of Law' (the Grundnorm)?

aHans Kelsen
bJohn Austin
cH.L.A. Hart
dRoscoe Pound
Answer: A
Hans Kelsen propounded the Pure Theory of Law, under which the validity of every legal norm is traced upward to a basic norm or 'Grundnorm'.
Q8General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The maxim 'ubi jus ibi remedium' means:

aThe law does not concern itself with trifles
bWhere there is a right, there is a remedy
cHe who comes to equity must come with clean hands
dDelay defeats equity
Answer: B
'Ubi jus ibi remedium' means that wherever the law confers a right, it also provides a remedy for its violation. 'De minimis non curat lex' is the maxim about trifles.
Q9General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Pick the word most nearly OPPOSITE in meaning to 'ABROGATE'.

aRepeal
bEnact
cNullify
dCancel
Answer: B
'Abrogate' means to abolish or repeal a law; its opposite is 'enact', meaning to bring a law into force. Repeal, nullify and cancel are synonyms of abrogate.
Q10General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Choose the option that correctly fills the blank: 'The accused was ______ of all charges after the prosecution failed to lead any credible evidence.'

aarraigned
bacquitted
cindicted
dconvicted
Answer: B
When the prosecution fails to prove its case, the accused is 'acquitted', i.e., set free of the charges. Convicted, indicted and arraigned all imply the opposite or a continuation of the proceeding.
Q11General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

If in a certain code 'COURT' is written as 'DPVSU', how is 'JUDGE' written in the same code?

aIVCHF
bKVEFH
cKVEHF
dKWEHF
Answer: C
Each letter is shifted forward by one in the alphabet (C to D, O to P, etc.). Applying the same rule to J-U-D-G-E gives K-V-E-H-F.
Q12General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

A man pointing to a photograph says, 'She is the daughter of the only son of my grandfather.' How is the woman in the photograph related to the man?

aCousin
bAunt
cNiece
dSister
Answer: D
The only son of the man's grandfather is the man's father; the father's daughter is therefore the man's sister.
Q13General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

In a row of 25 students facing north, Ravi is 11th from the left end. What is his position from the right end?

a13th
b14th
c16th
d15th
Answer: D
Position from the right = total minus position from left plus one = 25 - 11 + 1 = 15. Hence Ravi is 15th from the right end.
Q14General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Who assumed office as the 53rd Chief Justice of India, taking oath in November 2025 on the retirement of Justice B.R. Gavai?

aJustice Surya Kant
bJustice D.Y. Chandrachud
cJustice Sanjiv Khanna
dJustice B.V. Nagarathna
Answer: A
Justice Surya Kant took oath as the 53rd Chief Justice of India on 24 November 2025, succeeding Justice B.R. Gavai who demitted office on 23 November 2025.
Q15General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The 2025 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Maria Corina Machado. She is associated with the democratic struggle in which country?

aColombia
bNicaragua
cVenezuela
dCuba
Answer: C
Maria Corina Machado, leader of Venezuela's democracy movement, won the 2025 Nobel Peace Prize for her work promoting democratic rights and a peaceful transition from dictatorship.
Q16General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The legal maxim 'audi alteram partem', which forms a pillar of natural justice, means:

aHear the other side
bNo one shall be a judge in his own cause
cThe thing speaks for itself
dLet the buyer beware
Answer: A
'Audi alteram partem' literally means 'hear the other side', requiring that no person be condemned unheard; the rule against bias is the separate maxim 'nemo judex in causa sua'.
Q17General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

India won the ICC Champions Trophy 2025 by defeating which team in the final played at Dubai?

aAustralia
bEngland
cSouth Africa
dNew Zealand
Answer: D
India defeated New Zealand by four wickets in the final at the Dubai International Cricket Stadium on 9 March 2025 to lift its third Champions Trophy title.
Q18General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

In jurisprudence, the maxim 'ignorantia juris non excusat' conveys that:

aOnly foreigners may plead ignorance of law
bA mistake of law made in good faith is always a defence
cIgnorance of fact is an excuse but ignorance of law is not
dIgnorance of law excuses everyone equally
Answer: C
'Ignorantia juris non excusat' means ignorance of the law is no excuse; by contrast, a genuine mistake of fact ('ignorantia facti excusat') may afford a defence.
Q19General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The Booker Prize 2025 was awarded to the novel 'Flesh'. Who is its author?

aDavid Szalay
bSamantha Harvey
cShehan Karunatilaka
dPaul Lynch
Answer: A
Hungarian-British author David Szalay won the 2025 Booker Prize for his novel 'Flesh', selected by the panel chaired by Roddy Doyle.
Q20General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Choose the word most nearly OPPOSITE in meaning to 'EPHEMERAL':

aFleeting
bTransient
cBrief
dPerpetual
Answer: D
'Ephemeral' means short-lived or lasting a very short time; its antonym is 'perpetual', meaning everlasting. The other options are synonyms of ephemeral.
Q21General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Who is the incumbent Attorney General for India, re-appointed for a further two-year term with effect from 1 October 2025?

aK.K. Venugopal
bTushar Mehta
cR. Venkataramani
dMukul Rohatgi
Answer: C
R. Venkataramani, Senior Advocate, was re-appointed Attorney General for India effective 1 October 2025 for a period of two years; Tushar Mehta is the Solicitor General.
Q22General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

A clock loses 5 minutes every hour. If it is set correctly at 12:00 noon, what time will the clock show when the true time is 6:00 p.m. the same day?

a5:24 p.m.
b5:42 p.m.
c5:36 p.m.
d5:30 p.m.
Answer: D
In 6 true hours the clock loses 5 x 6 = 30 minutes, so it advances only 5 hours 30 minutes from noon, showing 5:30 p.m.
Q23General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The maxim 'res ipsa loquitur', frequently invoked in the law of torts (negligence), means:

aThings done cannot be undone
bThe thing speaks for itself
cLet the principal answer
dThe matter has already been decided
Answer: B
'Res ipsa loquitur' means 'the thing speaks for itself' and allows negligence to be inferred from the very nature of an accident, shifting the evidential burden to the defendant.
Q24General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Under the Constitution of India, the President is elected by an electoral college consisting of:

aThe elected members of both Houses of Parliament only
bAll members, elected and nominated, of Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies
cThe elected members of both Houses of Parliament and of the Legislative Assemblies of States
dOnly the members of the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies
Answer: C
Under Article 54, the President is elected by an electoral college of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament and of the Legislative Assemblies of the States (including the NCT of Delhi and Puducherry); nominated members do not vote.
Q25General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Select the correctly spelt word:

aMaintenance
bMaintainance
cMaintenence
dMaintainence
Answer: A
The correct spelling is 'maintenance'; the other forms are common misspellings of the word.
Q26General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The legal maxim 'volenti non fit injuria' refers to the defence that:

aA wrong cannot be the source of a right
bAn act of God absolves all liability
cNecessity knows no law
dNo injury is done to one who consents
Answer: D
'Volenti non fit injuria' means that one who voluntarily consents to a known risk cannot afterwards claim damages for the resulting harm; it is a general defence in the law of torts.
Q27General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Which Article of the Constitution of India empowers the Supreme Court to declare any law that it has pronounced upon as binding on all courts within the territory of India?

aArticle 141
bArticle 144
cArticle 136
dArticle 143
Answer: A
Article 141 provides that the law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India; Article 136 deals with special leave to appeal and Article 143 with the President's advisory reference.
Q28General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Who, among the following, assumed office as the 53rd Chief Justice of India in November 2025?

aJustice B.R. Gavai
bJustice D.Y. Chandrachud
cJustice Surya Kant
dJustice Sanjiv Khanna
Answer: C
Justice Surya Kant was sworn in as the 53rd Chief Justice of India on 24 November 2025, succeeding Justice B.R. Gavai (the 52nd CJI).
Q29General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The Latin maxim 'audi alteram partem', a cardinal principle of natural justice, means:

aHear the other side / let the other party also be heard
bLet the decision stand
cThe thing speaks for itself
dNo one shall be a judge in his own cause
Answer: A
'Audi alteram partem' literally means 'hear the other side', requiring that no person be condemned unheard. 'Nemo judex in causa sua' is the rule against bias, while 'res ipsa loquitur' means the thing speaks for itself.
Q30English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word most OPPOSITE in meaning to 'CANDID'.

aSincere
bEvasive
cHonest
dFrank
Answer: B
'Candid' means open and honest; its antonym is 'evasive', meaning tending to avoid the truth or commitment.
Q31English Language & Comprehension

Identify the part of the sentence that contains an error: 'Each of the petitioners (a)/ have submitted (b)/ their affidavits (c)/ within time. (d)'

aEach of the petitioners
btheir affidavits
cwithin time.
dhave submitted
Answer: D
'Each' is singular and takes a singular verb, so 'have submitted' should be 'has submitted'.
Q32English Language & Comprehension

Select the one-word substitution for 'That which cannot be revoked or taken back'.

aIrresistible
bIrrevocable
cIrrational
dIrreparable
Answer: B
'Irrevocable' describes something that cannot be revoked, changed, or recalled.
Q33English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word which is most similar in meaning (synonym) to the word 'PERFUNCTORY':

aEnthusiastic
bDeliberate
cThorough
dCareless
Answer: D
'Perfunctory' means done routinely and with little care or interest; 'careless' is the closest synonym. The other options describe the opposite quality.
Q34English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning (antonym) to the word 'CANDID':

aHonest
bFrank
cEvasive
dSincere
Answer: C
'Candid' means open and truthful; its antonym is 'evasive', meaning avoiding the truth. Frank, honest and sincere are synonyms of candid.
Q35English Language & Comprehension

One word substitution: A person who knows many foreign languages is called a/an —

aLinguist
bPolyglot
cLexicographer
dGrammarian
Answer: B
A 'polyglot' is a person who knows and is able to use several languages. A lexicographer compiles dictionaries, while a grammarian studies grammar.
Q36English Language & Comprehension

From the following words, the MIS-SPELT word is —

aPrivilege
bOccurrence
cMaintenance
dEmbarassment
Answer: D
The correct spelling is 'embarrassment', with a double 'r' and double 's'. The other three words are spelt correctly.
Q37English Language & Comprehension

Fill in the blank with the most appropriate word: The witness gave such a ____ account of the incident that the court accepted it without doubt.

aevasive
bobscure
clucid
dambiguous
Answer: C
'Lucid' means clear and easy to understand, which fits an account a court would readily accept. The other options denote unclear or misleading statements.
Q38English Language & Comprehension

One word substitution: A government by the wealthy class is known as —

aTheocracy
bPlutocracy
cAutocracy
dOligarchy
Answer: B
'Plutocracy' is government or rule by the wealthy. Oligarchy is rule by a few, autocracy by one, and theocracy by religious authority.
Q39English Language & Comprehension

Choose the correct meaning of the idiom: 'To bury the hatchet'.

aTo hide one's weapons
bTo prepare for war
cTo dig a grave
dTo make peace and end a quarrel
Answer: D
'To bury the hatchet' means to settle a dispute and become friendly again. It does not refer to weapons or warfare literally.
Q40English Language & Comprehension

Select the grammatically correct sentence:

aEach of the students has submitted his assignment.
bEach of the students have submitted their assignment.
cEach of the student have submitted their assignment.
dEach of the students having submitted their assignment.
Answer: A
'Each' is singular and takes a singular verb ('has') and singular pronoun. Option (b) correctly observes subject-verb agreement.
Q41English Language & Comprehension

One who walks on a rope (especially at a height) is called a —

aSomnambulist
bFunambulist
cVentriloquist
dEquestrian
Answer: B
A 'funambulist' is a tightrope walker. A somnambulist walks in sleep, an equestrian rides horses, and a ventriloquist throws his voice.
Q42English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word most opposite in meaning (antonym) to 'FRUGAL':

aEconomical
bExtravagant
cPrudent
dThrifty
Answer: B
'Frugal' means sparing or economical in spending; its antonym is 'extravagant', meaning wasteful. Economical, thrifty and prudent are synonyms of frugal.
Q43English Language & Comprehension

Fill in the blank with the correct preposition: The judge presided ____ the proceedings with great patience.

aover
bon
cin
dat
Answer: A
The fixed expression is 'preside over', meaning to be in charge of a meeting or proceedings. The other prepositions are not used with 'preside' in this sense.
Q44English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word which best expresses the meaning of 'EPHEMERAL':

aShort-lived
bMysterious
cHeavenly
dEverlasting
Answer: A
'Ephemeral' means lasting for a very short time. 'Short-lived' is therefore its closest synonym; 'everlasting' is its opposite.
Q45English Language & Comprehension

One word substitution: A statement that is open to more than one interpretation is said to be —

aExplicit
bLucid
cCategorical
dAmbiguous
Answer: D
An 'ambiguous' statement can be understood in two or more ways. Lucid, explicit and categorical all imply clarity or a single definite meaning.
Q46English Language & Comprehension

Fill in the blank with the most appropriate word: Despite repeated warnings, his ____ refusal to obey the rules led to his suspension.

aobstinate
btentative
ccompliant
dobedient
Answer: A
'Obstinate' means stubbornly refusing to change one's behaviour, which fits a refusal that caused suspension. The other words imply willingness to comply or hesitation.
Q47English Language & Comprehension

Choose the correctly punctuated and grammatical sentence:

aNeither the lawyer nor his clients were present in court.
bNeither the lawyer or his clients were present in court.
cNeither the lawyer nor his clients was present in court.
dNeither the lawyer nor his clients is present in court.
Answer: A
With 'neither...nor', the verb agrees with the nearer subject; here the nearer subject 'clients' is plural, so 'were' is correct. 'Nor' (not 'or') is required after 'neither'.
Q48English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word which is most nearly SIMILAR in meaning to the word 'PERFUNCTORY'.

aEnergetic
bDeliberate
cCursory
dThorough
Answer: C
'Perfunctory' means carried out with a minimum of effort or reflection, i.e. cursory or superficial; the other options denote care or thoroughness.
Q49English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word which is most nearly OPPOSITE in meaning to the word 'GARRULOUS'.

aTalkative
bLoquacious
cTaciturn
dVerbose
Answer: C
'Garrulous' means excessively talkative; its antonym is 'taciturn', meaning reserved or saying little. The other options are synonyms of garrulous.
Q50English Language & Comprehension

Select the option that gives the correct one-word substitution for: 'A person who hates or distrusts mankind.'

aMisanthrope
bPhilanthropist
cEgotist
dMisogynist
Answer: A
A 'misanthrope' hates or distrusts humankind; a 'misogynist' hates women specifically, while a 'philanthropist' loves and helps mankind.
Q51English Language & Comprehension

From the following words, identify the MIS-SPELT word.

aPrivilege
bOccurrence
cMaintainance
dEmbarrassment
Answer: C
The correct spelling is 'maintenance' (the noun drops the 'i' of 'maintain'); the other three words are spelt correctly.
Q52English Language & Comprehension

Fill in the blank with the most appropriate word: 'The judge delivered a ______ verdict, weighing every piece of evidence before reaching her conclusion.'

acapricious
bjudicious
crash
darbitrary
Answer: B
'Judicious' means showing good judgment after careful consideration, which fits a verdict reached by weighing all evidence; the other options suggest hasty or whimsical decisions.
Q53English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word which best expresses the meaning of the word 'EPHEMERAL'.

aAbundant
bShort-lived
cEternal
dHeavenly
Answer: B
'Ephemeral' means lasting for a very short time, i.e. short-lived or transitory; 'eternal' is its opposite.
Q54English Language & Comprehension

Identify the part of the sentence that contains an ERROR: 'Neither the witnesses nor the accused (a)/ were able to recall (b)/ the exact sequence of events (c)/ on that fateful night. (d)'

athe exact sequence of events
bNeither the witnesses nor the accused
cwere able to recall
don that fateful night.
Answer: C
With 'neither...nor', the verb agrees with the nearer subject; since 'the accused' (singular here) is closer, the verb should be 'was able to recall', not 'were'.
Q55English Language & Comprehension

Choose the correct one-word substitution for: 'A statement that contradicts itself and yet might be true.'

aParody
bParadox
cParagon
dPlatitude
Answer: B
A 'paradox' is a seemingly self-contradictory statement that may nonetheless be true; a 'platitude' is a trite remark and a 'paragon' is a model of excellence.
Q56English Language & Comprehension

Select the word most nearly OPPOSITE in meaning to 'FRUGAL'.

aThrifty
bExtravagant
cPrudent
dEconomical
Answer: B
'Frugal' means sparing or economical in the use of resources; its antonym is 'extravagant', meaning wasteful or lavish. The remaining options are synonyms of frugal.
Q57Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under Section 96(4) CPC, no appeal lies EXCEPT on a question of law from a decree in any suit of the nature cognizable by Courts of Small Causes when the amount or value of the subject-matter of the original suit does not exceed:

aRupees ten thousand
bRupees five thousand
cRupees one thousand
dRupees three thousand
Answer: A
Section 96(4) CPC provides that no appeal shall lie, except on a question of law, from a decree in any suit of the nature cognizable by Courts of Small Causes where the amount or value of the subject-matter of the original suit does not exceed ten thousand rupees.
Q58Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

A decree which determines the rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the matters in controversy but does not completely dispose of the suit is termed:

aA preliminary decree
bA final decree
cA deemed decree
dAn interlocutory order
Answer: A
As defined in Section 2(2) CPC, a preliminary decree adjudicates the rights of the parties but leaves further proceedings to be taken before the suit can be completely disposed of by a final decree; suits for partition and accounts commonly involve preliminary decrees.
Q59Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

The inherent power of the court to make such orders as may be necessary for the ends of justice or to prevent abuse of the process of the court is preserved by:

aSection 153 CPC
bSection 148 CPC
cSection 151 CPC
dSection 94 CPC
Answer: C
Section 151 CPC expressly saves the inherent powers of the court to pass orders necessary for the ends of justice or to prevent abuse of process; it does not confer new substantive powers but preserves existing ones.
Q60Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

A suit for the recovery of immovable property, or for the determination of any right to or interest in immovable property, shall, under Section 16 CPC, ordinarily be instituted in the court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction:

aThe defendant resides or carries on business
bThe property is situate
cThe cause of action wholly or partly arose
dThe plaintiff resides
Answer: B
Section 16 CPC requires suits relating to immovable property (recovery, partition, foreclosure, sale, determination of rights, etc.) to be instituted where the property is situate, subject to the proviso permitting personal-obligation suits at the defendant's residence.
Q61Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Before instituting a suit against the Government or a public officer in respect of an act purporting to be done in his official capacity, the plaintiff must serve a notice under Section 80 CPC of:

aSixty days
bFifteen days
cOne month
dTwo months
Answer: D
Section 80(1) CPC requires that no suit shall be instituted against the Government or a public officer (for an official act) until the expiration of two months after notice in writing has been delivered or left at the office of the prescribed authority.
Q62Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under Section 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, a civil court has jurisdiction to try all suits of a civil nature except those of which their cognizance is:

aEither expressly or impliedly barred
bBarred by a notification of the State Government
cImpliedly barred only
dExpressly barred only
Answer: A
Section 9 confers jurisdiction over all suits of a civil nature, excepting suits of which cognizance is either expressly or impliedly barred.
Q63Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

For the doctrine of res judicata under Section 11 CPC to apply, the matter directly and substantially in issue in the subsequent suit must have been:

aDecided in a suit between strangers to the present litigation
bDecided by any court irrespective of its competence
cMerely raised but not decided in the former suit
dDirectly and substantially in issue and finally decided in the former suit by a court of competent jurisdiction
Answer: D
Section 11 requires that the matter was directly and substantially in issue in a former suit between the same parties, heard and finally decided by a competent court.
Q64Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under Section 80 CPC, no suit (save where urgent relief is sought with leave) shall be instituted against the Government until the expiration of:

aThree months after notice in writing
bTwo months after notice in writing
cSix months after notice in writing
dOne month after notice in writing
Answer: B
Section 80(1) requires expiry of two months next after a written notice has been delivered to or left at the office of the appropriate authority before a suit against the Government is instituted.
Q65Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

A caveat lodged under Section 148A CPC, unless an application is made before the caveator's right to appear arises, remains in force for a period not exceeding:

a60 days from the date on which it was lodged
b90 days from the date on which it was lodged
c120 days from the date on which it was lodged
d30 days from the date on which it was lodged
Answer: B
Section 148A(5) provides that a caveat shall not remain in force after the expiry of ninety days from the date on which it was lodged, unless the application in the meantime is made.
Q66Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

An appeal to the High Court under Section 100 CPC (second appeal) lies only where the case involves:

aA substantial question of law
bA mixed question of fact and law of any kind
cAn error apparent on the face of the record
dA question of fact of general importance
Answer: A
Section 100 permits a second appeal to the High Court only if the High Court is satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law, which must be formulated.
Q67Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Where an appeal has been heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, Section 100A CPC provides that:

aA letters patent appeal lies to a Division Bench
bA further appeal lies only with the leave of the Single Judge
cA further appeal lies directly to the Supreme Court
dNo further appeal shall lie from the judgment and decree of such Single Judge
Answer: D
Section 100A bars any further (letters patent) appeal where a Single Judge of the High Court has decided an appeal, notwithstanding anything in any Letters Patent.
Q68Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

The revisional jurisdiction of the High Court under Section 115 CPC can be exercised in respect of a case decided by a subordinate court in which:

aAn appeal lies to the High Court or to any court subordinate thereto
bNo appeal lies thereto
cThe decree is for an amount exceeding rupees one lakh
dA substantial question of law is involved
Answer: B
Under Section 115, the High Court may call for the record of a case decided by a subordinate court in which no appeal lies, where the court appears to have exercised a jurisdiction not vested, failed to exercise jurisdiction, or acted illegally.
Q69Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

The power to transfer a suit, appeal or other proceeding from one court to another subordinate to the same High Court, and within the local limits of its jurisdiction, is conferred on the High Court and the District Court by:

aSection 22 CPC
bSection 25 CPC
cSection 23 CPC
dSection 24 CPC
Answer: D
Section 24 empowers the High Court or District Court, on application or suo motu, to transfer or withdraw any suit, appeal or other proceeding pending before a subordinate court.
Q70Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Section 144 CPC, which obliges the court to place the parties in the position they would have occupied had the decree not been passed when it is varied or reversed, embodies the doctrine of:

aLis pendens
bConstructive res judicata
cRestitution
dRes judicata
Answer: C
Section 144 provides for restitution, requiring the court of first instance to restore parties to their former position on the variation or reversal of a decree or order.
Q71Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under Section 89 CPC, where it appears to the court that there exist elements of a settlement acceptable to the parties, the court may refer the dispute to all of the following EXCEPT:

aArbitration
bReference to the Supreme Court for an advisory opinion
cJudicial settlement including settlement through Lok Adalat
dConciliation
Answer: B
Section 89 enumerates four modes of alternative dispute resolution: arbitration, conciliation, judicial settlement including through Lok Adalat, and mediation. Advisory reference to the Supreme Court is not one of them.
Q72Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Order I Rule 10 CPC, dealing with the addition, substitution and striking out of parties, is founded on the principle that no suit shall be defeated by reason of the:

aWant of a valid cause of action
bNon-joinder of a necessary party only
cMisjoinder of causes of action
dMisjoinder or non-joinder of parties
Answer: D
Order I Rule 9 and Rule 10 embody the principle that no suit shall be defeated by misjoinder or non-joinder of parties, and the court may add or strike out parties; though non-joinder of a necessary party can be fatal.
Q73Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Order II Rule 2 CPC, which requires every suit to include the whole of the claim the plaintiff is entitled to make in respect of the cause of action, is designed primarily to prevent:

aFiling of frivolous counter-claims
bMisjoinder of parties
cMultiplicity of appeals
dSplitting of claims and reliefs so that a defendant is vexed twice for the same cause of action
Answer: D
Order II Rule 2 bars a subsequent suit for a portion of the claim or relief omitted (without leave) in respect of the same cause of action, to prevent splitting of claims and harassment of the defendant.
Q74Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under Order VI Rule 17 CPC, after the trial has commenced, an application for amendment of pleadings shall be allowed only if the court is satisfied that:

aThe amendment is necessary for determining the real question, and in spite of due diligence the matter could not have been raised before the trial commenced
bThe opposite party consents in writing to the amendment
cThe amendment introduces a wholly new cause of action
dThe application is made within thirty days of filing the suit
Answer: A
The proviso to Order VI Rule 17 bars amendment after commencement of trial unless the court concludes that in spite of due diligence the party could not have raised the matter before trial began.
Q75Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

An application to set aside an ex parte decree under Order IX Rule 13 CPC may be allowed where the defendant satisfies the court that:

aThe decree is erroneous on merits
bThe summons was not duly served, or he was prevented by sufficient cause from appearing when the suit was called on for hearing
cThe plaintiff's claim is barred by limitation
dA substantial question of law arises in the suit
Answer: B
Order IX Rule 13 permits setting aside an ex parte decree where the defendant shows that summons was not duly served or that he was prevented by sufficient cause from appearing.
Q76Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

A question whether a particular sale of immovable property held in execution should be set aside on the ground of a material irregularity or fraud in publishing or conducting it is dealt with under Order XXI CPC, the order relating to:

aAppeals from original decrees
bExecution of decrees and orders
cCommissions and references
dInstitution of suits
Answer: B
Order XXI of the CPC comprehensively governs execution of decrees and orders, including the setting aside of execution sales for material irregularity or fraud (e.g. Rule 90).
Q77Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, the doctrine of res sub judice, which bars the trial of a subsequently instituted suit where the matter in issue is directly and substantially in issue in a previously instituted suit between the same parties, is contained in:

aSection 9
bSection 12
cSection 11
dSection 10
Answer: D
Section 10 CPC ('Stay of suit') embodies the rule of res sub judice and directs the court not to proceed with the trial of a subsequently instituted suit where the matter is directly and substantially in issue in a previously instituted suit between the same parties. Res judicata is Section 11.
Q78Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

A second appeal under Section 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 lies to the High Court only where the High Court is satisfied that the case involves:

aA substantial question of law
bA substantial question of fact
cAn error apparent on the face of the record
dAny question of law or fact
Answer: A
Section 100 CPC permits a second appeal to the High Court only if the case involves a substantial question of law, which the court must formulate at the time of admission; pure questions of fact cannot be reopened in second appeal.
Q79Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Where a court is satisfied that a foreign judgment has been produced by way of a certified copy purporting to be such, the Code of Civil Procedure directs the court to presume that it was pronounced by a court of competent jurisdiction, unless the contrary appears on the record or is proved. This presumption is provided in:

aSection 13
bSection 15
cSection 14
dSection 44A
Answer: C
Section 14 CPC raises the presumption of competence of the foreign court upon production of a certified copy of the foreign judgment; Section 13 lays down when a foreign judgment is conclusive and its exceptions.
Q80Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, the power of restitution, enabling the court which passed a decree to place the parties in the position they would have occupied but for a decree that has since been varied or reversed, is contained in:

aSection 152
bSection 151
cSection 148
dSection 144
Answer: D
Section 144 CPC provides for restitution on the variation or reversal of a decree, requiring the court that passed the decree to restore the parties to their original position on the application of the party entitled to such benefit.
Q81Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under Order VIII Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, a defendant is ordinarily required to present a written statement of his defence within thirty days from the date of service of summons, and the court may for recorded reasons extend this period, but in no case beyond:

aOne hundred and twenty days from the date of service of summons
bForty-five days from the date of service of summons
cNinety days from the date of service of summons
dSixty days from the date of service of summons
Answer: C
The proviso to Order VIII Rule 1 CPC allows extension beyond the initial thirty days for reasons recorded in writing, but the written statement shall not be filed later than ninety days from the date of service of summons.
Q82Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 472 of the BNSS, 2023, a convict under sentence of death may file a mercy petition before the President or the Governor within how many days from the date the Superintendent of jail informs him of the dismissal of his appeal, review or special leave petition -

aSixty days
bFifteen days
cSeven days
dThirty days
Answer: D
Section 472 BNSS, a new statutory mechanism for mercy petitions, prescribes a period of thirty days from intimation by the jail Superintendent for filing the petition before the President under Article 72 or the Governor under Article 161.
Q83Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 184 of the BNSS, 2023, where the offence of rape is under investigation, the woman shall be sent for medical examination by a registered medical practitioner within how many hours from the receipt of information relating to the commission of the offence -

aTwelve hours
bForty-eight hours
cTwenty-four hours
dSeventy-two hours
Answer: C
Section 184 BNSS requires that the victim of rape be sent for medical examination within twenty-four hours from the time of receiving information about the offence, with her consent.
Q84Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 230 of the BNSS, 2023, in a case instituted on a police report, the copies of the police report and other documents are to be supplied free of cost to the accused and the victim within a period of -

aThirty days from the date of production or appearance of the accused
bSeven days from the date of production or appearance of the accused
cFourteen days from the date of production or appearance of the accused
dTwenty-one days from the date of production or appearance of the accused
Answer: C
Section 230 BNSS fixes a fourteen-day timeline (from production or appearance of the accused) for free supply of the police report and accompanying documents to the accused and the victim, a timeline absent in the old Section 207 CrPC.
Q85Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 283 of the BNSS, 2023, in cases of theft, dishonest misappropriation or receiving or retaining stolen property, summary trial is permissible only where the value of the property concerned does not exceed -

aTwenty thousand rupees
bTen thousand rupees
cFifty thousand rupees
dTwo thousand rupees
Answer: A
Section 283 BNSS raises the property-value ceiling for summary trial of specified offences to twenty thousand rupees, increased from the earlier two-hundred-rupee limit under Section 260 CrPC.
Q86Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 413 of the BNSS, 2023, a victim is conferred a right to prefer an appeal against an order of the court in which of the following situations -

aOnly against an order imposing inadequate compensation
bAgainst acquittal, conviction for a lesser offence, or imposition of inadequate compensation
cA victim has no independent right of appeal under the BNSS
dOnly against an order of acquittal
Answer: B
The proviso to Section 413 BNSS gives the victim a right to appeal against an order of acquittal, conviction for a lesser offence, or imposition of inadequate compensation, mirroring the proviso introduced in Section 372 CrPC.
Q87Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

The repeal of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and the saving of pending appeals, applications, trials, inquiries and investigations under the old Code is provided for in which provision of the BNSS, 2023 -

aSection 484
bSection 528
cSection 531
dSection 358
Answer: C
Section 531 BNSS repeals the CrPC, 1973 while saving pending appeals, applications, trials, inquiries and investigations, which continue to be dealt with under the old Code as if it had not been repealed.
Q88Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, where a cognizable offence is punishable with imprisonment for less than three years and the person to be arrested is infirm or above sixty years of age, the police officer shall not arrest such person without the prior permission of an officer not below the rank of:

athe Judicial Magistrate of the first class
bInspector of Police
cDeputy Superintendent of Police
dSuperintendent of Police
Answer: C
The proviso to Section 35(7) of the BNSS bars arrest of an infirm person or one above sixty years, for an offence punishable with imprisonment under three years, without prior permission of an officer not below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police.
Q89Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

The provision in the BNSS, 2023 enabling registration of a First Information Report at any police station irrespective of the area where the offence is committed (the 'Zero FIR'), is contained in:

aSection 187
bSection 175
cSection 173
dSection 154
Answer: C
Section 173 of the BNSS permits information about a cognizable offence to be given orally, in writing or by electronic communication at any police station irrespective of jurisdiction, statutorily recognising the 'Zero FIR'.
Q90Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Which one of the following is the correct corresponding provision of the BNSS, 2023 for the procedure when investigation cannot be completed within twenty-four hours (formerly Section 167 CrPC), dealing with authorisation of detention by the Magistrate?

aSection 175
bSection 167
cSection 187
dSection 193
Answer: C
Section 187 of the BNSS corresponds to the old Section 167 CrPC and governs Magisterial authorisation of police custody and judicial remand pending completion of investigation.
Q91Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 479 of the BNSS, 2023, an accused (not a first-time offender and not charged with a life-imprisonment offence) facing trial shall be released on bail by the Court once he has undergone detention for a period extending up to:

athe whole of the maximum period of imprisonment specified for the offence
bninety days
cone-third of the maximum period of imprisonment specified for the offence
done-half of the maximum period of imprisonment specified for the offence
Answer: D
Section 479(1) of the BNSS entitles an undertrial to release on bail upon undergoing detention up to one-half of the maximum sentence; the more liberal one-third benefit is reserved for first-time offenders.
Q92Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 479 of the BNSS, 2023, the benefit of release on bond on completing one-third of the maximum period of imprisonment is available to a person who:

ahas been convicted earlier of any offence
bhas multiple proceedings pending against him
cis charged with an offence punishable with imprisonment for life
dis a first-time offender, that is, has never been convicted of any offence in the past
Answer: D
The first proviso to Section 479(1) confines the one-third detention benefit to a first-time offender who has never been convicted of any offence, and it is unavailable where the offence carries life imprisonment or multiple cases are pending.
Q93Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the BNSS, 2023, the Magistrate is required to supply to the accused, free of cost, a copy of the police report and other documents, within how many days from the date of production or appearance of the accused?

afourteen days
bten days
cthirty days
dseven days
Answer: A
Section 230 of the BNSS mandates supply of the police report and accompanying documents to the accused (and to a represented victim) within fourteen days of production or appearance, and these may be furnished in electronic form.
Q94Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the BNSS, 2023, the visit of a forensic expert to the scene of crime to collect forensic evidence and to videograph the process has been made mandatory in respect of offences punishable with imprisonment for a term of:

afive years or more
bseven years or more
cthree years or more
dten years or more
Answer: B
Section 176(3) of the BNSS makes forensic investigation obligatory for offences punishable with seven years' imprisonment or more, requiring a forensic expert to visit the scene and the process to be videographed.
Q95Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

The BNSS, 2023 introduces, for the first time, a statutory procedure for inquiry, trial or judgment in absentia of a proclaimed offender. This provision is contained in:

aSection 84
bSection 339
cSection 356
dSection 299
Answer: C
Section 356 of the BNSS introduces trial in absentia of a proclaimed offender who has absconded to evade trial, a procedure not expressly provided in the CrPC, 1973.
Q96Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 472 of the BNSS, 2023, a convict under sentence of death (or his legal heir or relative) may file a mercy petition before the President or Governor within what period from the date the jail Superintendent informs him of the dismissal of his appeal/review by the Supreme Court or confirmation of the death sentence?

asixty days
bthirty days
cninety days
dfifteen days
Answer: B
Section 472(1) of the BNSS prescribes a thirty-day period for filing a mercy petition; where made first to the Governor, a fresh petition lies to the President within sixty days of the Governor's rejection.
Q97Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the BNSS, 2023, in respect of an offence punishable with imprisonment up to ten years, police custody (in instalments not exceeding fifteen days in the whole) may be sought by the police only within the first:

aforty days from the date of arrest
bsixty days from the date of arrest
cninety days from the date of arrest
dfifteen days from the date of arrest
Answer: A
Under Section 187 of the BNSS, the fifteen days of police custody may be availed in instalments within the first forty days of detention for offences punishable up to ten years (sixty days for graver offences).
Q98Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Where a Magistrate empowered under Section 210 of the BNSS orders an investigation under Section 175(3) on an application, the Supreme Court has held that, unlike the position under Section 156(3) CrPC, the Magistrate must additionally:

atransfer the matter to the Court of Session
bconsider the submissions made by the police officer concerned before ordering investigation
crecord the sworn statement of the complainant before ordering investigation
dobtain prior sanction of the District Magistrate
Answer: B
Section 175(3) of the BNSS, as interpreted by the Supreme Court, requires the Magistrate to consider the application supported by affidavit and the submissions of the police officer before directing investigation, an additional safeguard absent from Section 156(3) CrPC.
Q99Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the BNSS, 2023, the duty cast on every State Government to prepare and notify a Witness Protection Scheme to ensure protection of witnesses is contained in:

aSection 438
bSection 472
cSection 348
dSection 398
Answer: D
Section 398 of the BNSS statutorily obliges every State Government to prepare and notify a Witness Protection Scheme, giving legislative footing to the scheme earlier endorsed in Mahender Chawla v. Union of India.
Q100Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the BNSS, 2023, the process of conducting a search of a place or taking possession of property is, where the police officer is able to do so, required to be recorded through audio-video electronic means. This requirement is provided in:

aSection 103
bSection 100
cSection 185
dSection 105
Answer: D
Section 105 of the BNSS requires search and seizure, and preparation of the seizure list, to be recorded through audio-video electronic means (preferably a mobile phone) and the recording forwarded to the Magistrate without delay.
Q101Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Which one of the following statements regarding the commencement and repeal effected by the BNSS, 2023 is correct?

aThe BNSS came into force on 1 July 2024 and repealed the Indian Evidence Act, 1872
bThe BNSS came into force on 1 July 2024 but the CrPC, 1973 continues to operate alongside it
cThe BNSS came into force on 1 July 2024 and repealed the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
dThe BNSS came into force on 26 January 2024 and repealed the Indian Penal Code, 1860
Answer: C
The BNSS came into force on 1 July 2024 and, by its repeal clause (Section 531), repealed the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, while saving proceedings pending on that date.
Q102Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the BNSS, 2023, for an offence under specified provisions of the BNS relating to sexual offences against women, the investigation is required to be completed within:

aone month from recording of information
btwo months from the date the information was recorded
cfifteen days from recording of information
dthree months from recording of information
Answer: B
The proviso to Section 193 of the BNSS requires investigation of specified sexual offences (under Sections 64-71 BNS and certain POCSO provisions) to be completed within two months from the date the information was recorded.
Q103Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, a person commits a cognizable offence punishable with imprisonment which may extend to less than seven years. Before arresting such a person, the conditions and the obligation to issue a written notice for appearance are dealt with under:

aSection 35
bSection 151
cSection 50
dSection 41
Answer: A
Section 35 of the BNSS governs when police may arrest without warrant and, under sub-section (3), requires a notice of appearance (corresponding to the former Section 41A CrPC) in cases punishable with less than seven years or up to seven years.
Q104Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

The concept of a 'Zero FIR', permitting information of a cognizable offence to be recorded by any police station irrespective of the area in which the offence is committed, has for the first time been given express statutory recognition in the BNSS under:

aSection 173
bSection 175
cSection 176
dSection 154
Answer: A
Section 173 BNSS, which corresponds to Section 154 CrPC, codifies the Zero FIR and also permits information to be given through electronic communication.
Q105Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the BNSS, where a complaint is made to a Magistrate against an accused, the proviso to the relevant section now mandates that no cognizance of the offence shall be taken without first giving the accused an opportunity of being heard. This requirement appears in:

aSection 200
bSection 210
cSection 226
dSection 223
Answer: D
The proviso to Section 223(1) BNSS (corresponding to Section 200 CrPC) introduces a new safeguard requiring the accused to be heard at the pre-cognizance stage in complaint cases.
Q106Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

The offence of sedition (Section 124A of the repealed IPC) has been replaced under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 by the offence of 'acts endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India', contained in:

aSection 150
bSection 152
cSection 197
dSection 147
Answer: B
Section 152 BNS penalises exciting secession, armed rebellion, subversive or separatist activities endangering the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India, with imprisonment up to life or up to seven years and fine. There is no offence titled 'sedition' in the BNS.
Q107Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

'Organised crime' has, for the first time, been defined and made punishable as a substantive offence in the general criminal code by:

aSection 109 BNS
bSection 113 BNS
cSection 117 BNS
dSection 111 BNS
Answer: D
Section 111 BNS introduces 'organised crime' (continuing unlawful activity by a crime syndicate) as a substantive offence in the general code, which had no equivalent in the IPC.
Q108Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the offence of 'terrorist act' is dealt with in:

aSection 152
bSection 112
cSection 113
dSection 111
Answer: C
Section 113 BNS defines and punishes a 'terrorist act' (intending to threaten the unity, integrity, security or economic security of India or to strike terror in the people), a provision newly incorporated into the general code.
Q109Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Where a woman dies of burns or bodily injury otherwise than under normal circumstances within seven years of her marriage and had been subjected to cruelty in connection with a demand for dowry, the offence of dowry death under Section 80 BNS is punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than:

aThree years
bFive years
cTen years
dSeven years
Answer: D
Section 80(2) BNS prescribes imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than seven years but which may extend to imprisonment for life for dowry death.
Q110Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Abetment of suicide is punishable under Section 108 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to:

aSeven years and fine
bThree years and fine
cTen years and fine
dImprisonment for life and fine
Answer: C
Section 108 BNS punishes abetment of suicide with imprisonment of either description up to ten years and fine.
Q111Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

A child aged six years, in play, sets fire to a haystack which spreads and causes damage. With respect to this act of the child under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023:

aIt is an offence only if the child knew the consequences
bNothing is an offence, the child being under seven years of age under Section 20
cNothing is an offence as a child below twelve years can never be liable
dIt is an offence as the child has attained the age of discretion
Answer: B
Section 20 BNS provides that nothing is an offence which is done by a child under seven years of age (the lower limit of doli incapax). The qualified immunity for children aged seven to twelve depending on maturity is a separate provision.
Q112Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Criminal conspiracy is defined under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 in:

aSection 59
bSection 61
cSection 120A
dSection 120B
Answer: B
Section 61 BNS defines criminal conspiracy as an agreement between two or more persons to do, or cause to be done, an illegal act, or a legal act by illegal means. The old IPC Sections 120A/120B no longer apply.
Q113Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

The offence of rape is defined under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 in:

aSection 63
bSection 375
cSection 64
dSection 376
Answer: A
Section 63 BNS defines rape (Section 64 prescribes the punishment). The corresponding IPC provisions were Sections 375 and 376, which now stand repealed.
Q114Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Where five or more persons acting in concert voluntarily cause grievous hurt to a person on the ground of his caste, under Section 117(4) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 each member of the group shall be punished with imprisonment which may extend to:

aThree years and fine
bSeven years and fine
cFive years and fine
dTen years and fine
Answer: B
Section 117(4) BNS provides that where a group of five or more persons causes grievous hurt on grounds such as race, caste, sex, place of birth, language or personal belief, each member is liable to imprisonment up to seven years and fine.
Q115Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

'A' is entrusted with the funds of a company as its accountant and dishonestly converts the money to his own use. The general punishment for this offence of criminal breach of trust under Section 316(2) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 may extend to:

aThree years, or fine, or both
bFive years, or fine, or both
cImprisonment for life
dSeven years, or fine, or both
Answer: B
Section 316(2) BNS prescribes the general punishment for criminal breach of trust as imprisonment of either description which may extend to five years, or fine, or both.
Q116Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under Section 318 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, a person who cheats and thereby dishonestly induces the person deceived to deliver any property is punishable with imprisonment of either description which may extend to:

aFive years
bOne year
cThree years
dSeven years
Answer: D
Section 318(4) BNS punishes cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property (or alteration/destruction of a valuable security) with imprisonment of either description up to seven years and fine.
Q117Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the substantive offence of 'murder' is defined and the punishment for it is prescribed, respectively, in:

aSection 99 (definition) and Section 101 (punishment)
bSection 98 (definition) and Section 101 (punishment)
cSection 100 (definition) and Section 103 (punishment)
dSection 101 (definition) and Section 103 (punishment)
Answer: A
Under the BNS, culpable homicide is defined in Section 98, murder is defined in Section 99, and the punishment for murder is laid down in Section 101 (the older IPC scheme of 299/300/302 having been renumbered).
Q118Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Section 101(2) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 introduces a distinct provision for so-called 'mob lynching'. It applies where murder is committed on grounds such as race, caste, sex, language or personal belief by a group of:

aTwo or more persons acting in concert
bThree or more persons acting in concert
cFive or more persons acting in concert
dSeven or more persons acting in concert
Answer: C
Section 101(2) BNS provides that when a group of five or more persons acting in concert commits murder on the specified discriminatory grounds, each member is liable to death or imprisonment (not less than seven years).
Q119Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Which of the following is recognised as a form of punishment under Section 4 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, but was NOT a punishment listed in Section 53 of the repealed Indian Penal Code, 1860?

aImprisonment for life
bForfeiture of property
cSolitary confinement
dCommunity service
Answer: D
Section 4(f) BNS adds 'community service' as a new sixth category of punishment, which had no counterpart in Section 53 IPC.
Q120Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the newly carved-out offence of 'snatching' is punishable with imprisonment which may extend to:

aOne year
bThree years
cSeven years
dFive years
Answer: B
Section 302 BNS defines snatching (sudden or forcible seizing of movable property to commit theft) and provides imprisonment of either description up to three years, with fine.
Q121Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under Section 308 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, an offence is 'dacoity' only when the number of persons conjointly committing or attempting (including those aiding) a robbery is:

aFive or more
bThree or more
cFour or more
dSeven or more
Answer: A
Section 308 BNS retains the requirement that five or more persons conjointly commit or attempt a robbery (including persons present and aiding) for the offence of dacoity.
Q122Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under Section 79 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, for a death to be a 'dowry death' it must be shown that the woman died otherwise than under normal circumstances within how many years of her marriage?

aThree years
bFive years
cSeven years
dTen years
Answer: C
Section 79 BNS (corresponding to old Section 304B IPC) requires that the death occur within seven years of marriage, with cruelty or harassment for dowry shown 'soon before' death.
Q123Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under Section 20 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, nothing is an offence which is done by:

aA person under eighteen years of age
bA child under twelve years of age in every case
cA child above seven and under twelve years of immature understanding
dA child under seven years of age
Answer: D
Section 20 BNS grants absolute immunity (doli incapax) to a child under seven years; the qualified immunity for a child above seven and under twelve of immature understanding is in Section 21.
Q124Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under Section 137 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the offence of 'kidnapping or maiming a child for purposes of begging' relates to a child below the age of:

aTwelve years
bSixteen years
cTwenty-one years
dEighteen years
Answer: D
Section 137 BNS applies to any child below eighteen years used for begging, prescribing rigorous imprisonment of not less than ten years extendable to life.
Q125Constitution of India

In which case did the Supreme Court of India strike down the 99th Constitutional Amendment and the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) Act, 2014 as violative of the basic structure?

aUnion of India v. Sankalchand Himatlal Sheth (1977)
bS.P. Gupta v. Union of India (1981)
cL. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India (1997)
dSupreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India (2015)
Answer: D
In Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India (2015), the 'Fourth Judges Case', a five-judge Bench by 4:1 struck down the 99th Amendment and the NJAC Act for violating the independence of the judiciary, a basic feature.
Q126Constitution of India

The advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India, whereby the President may refer a question of law or fact of public importance for its opinion, is provided under:

aArticle 131
bArticle 137
cArticle 143
dArticle 145
Answer: C
Article 143 confers advisory jurisdiction on the Supreme Court, enabling the President to seek its opinion on questions of law or fact of public importance; such opinion is not binding on the President.
Q127Constitution of India

The original and exclusive jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in a dispute between the Government of India and one or more States is conferred by:

aArticle 131
bArticle 226
cArticle 32
dArticle 136
Answer: A
Article 131 vests the Supreme Court with original and exclusive jurisdiction, to the exclusion of any other court, in disputes between the Union and States or between States, where a legal right is in question.
Q128Constitution of India

The Tenth Schedule of the Constitution, dealing with disqualification on the ground of defection, was added by which Amendment and is referable to which Articles?

a52nd Amendment; Articles 102(2) and 191(2)
b61st Amendment; Articles 102(1) and 191(1)
c42nd Amendment; Articles 101 and 190
d44th Amendment; Articles 103 and 192
Answer: A
The anti-defection law was introduced by the 52nd Amendment Act, 1985 by inserting the Tenth Schedule, which is referable to Articles 102(2) (Parliament) and 191(2) (State Legislatures).
Q129Constitution of India

The power of the President of India to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment, and to suspend, remit or commute sentences, is contained in:

aArticle 72
bArticle 161
cArticle 74
dArticle 123
Answer: A
Article 72 confers the pardoning power on the President; the corresponding power of a Governor of a State is found in Article 161.
Q130Constitution of India

Which Article of the Constitution empowers a High Court to issue writs not only for enforcement of fundamental rights but also 'for any other purpose'?

aArticle 139
bArticle 32
cArticle 226
dArticle 227
Answer: C
Article 226 empowers every High Court to issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights and 'for any other purpose'; this 'any other purpose' makes its writ jurisdiction wider than that of the Supreme Court under Article 32.
Q131Constitution of India

Under the Constitution of India, the right to constitutional remedies, that is, the right to move the Supreme Court directly for enforcement of the fundamental rights conferred by Part III, is itself a fundamental right guaranteed by:

aArticle 359
bArticle 13
cArticle 226
dArticle 32
Answer: D
Article 32 guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Part III rights and is itself a fundamental right; Dr. Ambedkar called it the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution.
Q132Constitution of India

Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden under which Article of the Constitution?

aArticle 15
bArticle 16
cArticle 18
dArticle 17
Answer: D
Article 17 abolishes untouchability and forbids its practice in any form; enforcement of any disability arising out of it is made an offence punishable in accordance with law.
Q133Constitution of India

The procedure for amendment of the Constitution of India is laid down in:

aArticle 352
bArticle 370
cArticle 368
dArticle 356
Answer: C
Article 368 in Part XX provides the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and the procedure therefor, including matters requiring ratification by at least one-half of the State Legislatures.
Q134Constitution of India

In which case did the Supreme Court first propound the doctrine that Parliament cannot amend the 'basic structure' of the Constitution under Article 368?

aIndira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975)
bMinerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)
cGolak Nath v. State of Punjab (1967)
dKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)
Answer: D
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), a 13-judge Bench held that while Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution under Article 368, it cannot alter its basic structure.
Q135Constitution of India

The Directive Principle requiring the State to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife of the country is contained in:

aArticle 48-A
bArticle 49
cArticle 47
dArticle 48
Answer: A
Article 48-A, inserted by the 42nd Amendment, 1976, directs the State to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.
Q136Constitution of India

Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys is provided for under which Article of the Constitution?

aArticle 280
bArticle 262
cArticle 263
dArticle 312
Answer: B
Article 262 empowers Parliament to provide by law for the adjudication of disputes relating to the waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys, and to bar the jurisdiction of courts including the Supreme Court in such matters.
Q137Constitution of India

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described which Article of the Constitution of India as "the very heart and soul of the Constitution"?

aArticle 14
bArticle 21
cArticle 32
dArticle 226
Answer: C
In the Constituent Assembly, Dr. Ambedkar called Article 32 (Right to Constitutional Remedies) the heart and soul of the Constitution, as it guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
Q138Constitution of India

The remedy under Article 32 for enforcement of Fundamental Rights differs from the writ jurisdiction under Article 226 chiefly in that:

aArticle 32 permits issue of only the writ of habeas corpus
bArticle 32 is itself a Fundamental Right, whereas the High Court's power under Article 226 is discretionary
cArticle 32 can be invoked only against the Union, while Article 226 lies only against a State
dArticle 226 confers a Fundamental Right while Article 32 is merely a constitutional power
Answer: B
The right to move the Supreme Court under Article 32 is itself a guaranteed Fundamental Right, so the Court cannot decline jurisdiction; the High Court's power under Article 226 is wider in scope (it covers other legal rights too) but is discretionary.
Q139Constitution of India

The Fundamental Duties contained in Article 51A of the Constitution of India are placed in:

aPart IV
bPart IVB
cPart IVA
dPart III
Answer: C
Article 51A, inserted by the 42nd Amendment, 1976, constitutes Part IVA of the Constitution and originally enumerated ten Fundamental Duties.
Q140Constitution of India

The 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) was introduced by inserting clauses (6) into Articles 15 and 16 of the Constitution through which Amendment?

aThe 103rd Amendment, 2019
bThe 102nd Amendment, 2018
cThe 101st Amendment, 2016
dThe 104th Amendment, 2020
Answer: A
The Constitution (One Hundred and Third Amendment) Act, 2019 inserted Articles 15(6) and 16(6), enabling up to 10% reservation in education and public employment for economically weaker sections.
Q141Constitution of India

In I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (2007), the Supreme Court held that laws placed in the Ninth Schedule:

aEnjoy absolute immunity from judicial review by virtue of Article 31B
bCannot be challenged on any ground whatsoever once they receive Presidential assent
cAre valid only if they relate to agrarian reform
dAdded after 24 April 1973 are open to judicial review if they violate the basic structure
Answer: D
The nine-judge Bench held that the protection of Article 31B is not absolute; laws inserted in the Ninth Schedule after 24 April 1973 (date of Kesavananda Bharati) are subject to judicial review for violation of the basic structure.
Q142Constitution of India

A significant distinction between the pardoning power of the President under Article 72 and that of the Governor under Article 161 is that:

aThe President can pardon a sentence of a court-martial and a death sentence, but the Governor can do neither
bThe President's power extends only to offences against State laws
cThe Governor alone can commute a death sentence
dOnly the Governor can grant remission of punishment
Answer: A
Under Article 72 the President can pardon sentences passed by a court-martial and can pardon death sentences; the Governor's power under Article 161 extends to neither court-martial sentences nor death sentences.
Q143Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, a confession made to a police officer is dealt with by which section?

aSection 22
bSection 25
cSection 23
dSection 24
Answer: C
Section 23 of the BSA, 2023 provides that no confession made to a police officer shall be proved against an accused, while the proviso to Section 23(2) preserves the rule on information leading to discovery of a fact.
Q144Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

When a person makes a statement as to the cause of his death or the circumstances of the transaction resulting in his death, and the cause of his death comes into question, such a statement (dying declaration) is made relevant under which provision of the BSA, 2023?

aSection 19
bSection 26
cSection 24
dSection 32
Answer: B
Section 26 of the BSA, 2023 (corresponding to old Section 32 IEA) makes relevant statements by a person who is dead or cannot be found, and clause (a) covers the dying declaration as to cause of death.
Q145Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

The opinion of an expert upon a point of foreign law, science, art, or as to identity of handwriting or finger impressions, is relevant under which section of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023?

aSection 47
bSection 39
cSection 41
dSection 45
Answer: B
Section 39 of the BSA, 2023 (re-numbered from Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872) makes the opinions of experts relevant.
Q146Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, the burden of proof generally lies on the person who:

ahas the larger interest in the outcome
bis the defendant in the proceeding
cdenies the existence of a fact
dwould fail if no evidence at all were given on either side
Answer: D
Section 104 of the BSA, 2023 (formerly Section 101 IEA) provides that the burden of proof lies on the person who would fail if no evidence at all were given on either side.
Q147Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Where any fact is especially within the knowledge of any person, the burden of proving that fact is upon him. This rule is contained in which section of the BSA, 2023?

aSection 104
bSection 106
cSection 109
dSection 105
Answer: D
Section 105 of the BSA, 2023 (corresponding to Section 106 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872) places the burden of proving a fact especially within a person's knowledge on that person.
Q148Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

The doctrine of estoppel, whereby a person who has by his declaration, act or omission caused another to believe a thing to be true and to act upon it is precluded from denying its truth, is embodied in which section of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023?

aSection 121
bSection 124
cSection 119
dSection 115
Answer: A
Section 121 of the BSA, 2023 (formerly Section 115 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872) embodies the rule of estoppel.
Q149Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, the protection of communications made during marriage between spouses is governed by:

aSection 122
bSection 128
cSection 124
dSection 132
Answer: B
Section 128 of the BSA, 2023 protects communications made during marriage; a married person shall not be compelled, nor permitted without consent, to disclose such communications.
Q150Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA)

Which section of the BSA, 2023 declares that an accomplice shall be a competent witness against an accused person, and that a conviction is not illegal if it proceeds upon the corroborated testimony of an accomplice?

aSection 138
bSection 133
cSection 114
dSection 139
Answer: A
Section 138 of the BSA, 2023 (corresponding to old Section 133 IEA) provides that an accomplice is a competent witness and, as enacted, that a conviction is not illegal if it proceeds upon the 'corroborated' testimony of an accomplice.
Q151Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, no particular number of witnesses shall in any case be required for the proof of any fact. This rule is found in:

aSection 139
bSection 138
cSection 134
dSection 141
Answer: A
Section 139 of the BSA, 2023 (formerly Section 134 IEA) provides that no particular number of witnesses is required for proof of any fact.
Q152Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, the order in which witnesses are examined is that they shall be first examined-in-chief, then cross-examined, and then re-examined. This order is laid down in:

aSection 142
bSection 146
cSection 149
dSection 143
Answer: D
Section 143 of the BSA, 2023 prescribes the order of examinations: examination-in-chief, cross-examination, and re-examination; Section 142 defines those terms.
Q153Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the BSA, 2023, when a party who calls a witness finds the witness adverse, the Court may in its discretion permit that party to put any question to the witness which might be put in cross-examination. This power to deal with a hostile witness flows from:

aSection 146
bSection 157
cSection 149
dSection 154
Answer: B
Section 157 of the BSA, 2023 (formerly Section 154 IEA) allows the Court to permit the party calling a witness to put cross-examination type questions to its own (hostile) witness.
Q154Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Leading questions, as a rule, must not be asked in examination-in-chief or re-examination if objected to, except with the permission of the Court. This provision is contained in which section of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023?

aSection 143
bSection 146
cSection 151
dSection 149
Answer: B
Section 146 of the BSA, 2023 (re-numbered from Sections 141-143 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872) deals with leading questions and the restriction on asking them in examination-in-chief or re-examination.
Q155Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, the Judge's power to put any question he pleases, in any form, at any time, to any witness or to the parties, and to order production of any document or thing, in order to discover or obtain proof of relevant facts, is conferred by:

aSection 165
bSection 162
cSection 170
dSection 168
Answer: D
Section 168 of the BSA, 2023 (formerly Section 165 IEA) confers on the Judge wide power to put questions and order production of documents to discover proof of relevant facts.
Q156Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, the contents of documents may be proved either by primary or by secondary evidence. The definition of 'primary evidence' is found in:

aSection 58
bSection 57
cSection 56
dSection 62
Answer: B
Section 57 of the BSA, 2023 (corresponding to Section 62 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872) defines primary evidence; Section 58 defines secondary evidence.
Q157Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, if a document is required by law to be attested, it shall not be used as evidence until at least one attesting witness has been called for the purpose of proving its execution (if such a witness is alive and capable of giving evidence). This requirement is laid down in:

aSection 71
bSection 68
cSection 67
dSection 63
Answer: C
Section 67 of the BSA, 2023 (formerly Section 68 IEA) requires at least one attesting witness to be called to prove execution of a document that law requires to be attested, subject to the proviso for registered documents other than wills.
Q158Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Under Section 31(7)(b) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, where the arbitral award is for the payment of money and does not direct otherwise, the sum directed to be paid shall carry interest from the date of the award to the date of payment at the rate of:

aEighteen per cent per annum
bSix per cent per annum
cTwo per cent higher than the current rate of interest prevalent on the date of award
dThe bank rate notified by the Reserve Bank of India
Answer: C
After the 2015 amendment, Section 31(7)(b) provides that, in the absence of a contrary direction, the awarded sum carries interest at two per cent higher than the current rate of interest prevalent on the date of award.
Q159Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Conciliation proceedings under Part III of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 are deemed to commence when:

aThe other party accepts in writing the invitation to conciliate
bOne party sends a written invitation to conciliate to the other party
cThe settlement agreement is signed by the parties
dThe conciliator is appointed by the parties
Answer: A
Under Section 62, conciliation proceedings commence when the party initiating sends a written invitation and the other party accepts in writing the invitation to conciliate; if the invitation is rejected, there are no conciliation proceedings.
Q160Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Under Section 73 and Section 74 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, a settlement agreement reached in conciliation has:

aBinding effect only after registration under the Registration Act, 1908
bThe status of a contract that must be separately sued upon
cThe same status and effect as an arbitral award on agreed terms under Section 30
dThe status of a mere memorandum of understanding with no enforceability
Answer: C
Section 74 provides that the settlement agreement under Section 73 shall have the same status and effect as if it were an arbitral award on agreed terms on the substance of the dispute rendered under Section 30, and is thus enforceable as such.
Q161Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Part II of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 deals with the enforcement of foreign awards. Awards under the New York Convention are dealt with in Chapter I of Part II, while Chapter II deals with awards under the:

aWashington Convention
bUNCITRAL Model Law
cGeneva Convention
dHague Convention
Answer: C
Part II Chapter I (Sections 44-52) covers New York Convention awards, and Chapter II (Sections 53-60) covers Geneva Convention awards.
Q162Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Where, in a domestic arbitration, the court finds that the proceedings have been delayed for reasons attributable to the arbitral tribunal, Section 29A(4) of the Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996 empowers the court, while extending the period for making the award, to order reduction of the fees of the arbitrator(s) by an amount:

ato be fixed wholly in the discretion of the court without any statutory ceiling
bnot exceeding five per cent for each month of such delay
cnot exceeding ten per cent for each month of such delay
dequal to one month's fee for the entire period of delay
Answer: B
The proviso to Section 29A(4) permits the court, while extending the mandate, to reduce the arbitrator's fees by not exceeding five per cent for each month of delay attributable to the tribunal, after giving the arbitrator an opportunity of being heard.
Q163Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Under Section 9(3) of the Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996 (as inserted by the 2015 Amendment), once the arbitral tribunal has been constituted, the court:

ais absolutely barred from granting any interim measure in all circumstances
bshall not entertain an application for interim measures under Section 9(1) unless it finds that circumstances exist which may not render the remedy under Section 17 efficacious
cretains full and concurrent power to grant interim measures regardless of the tribunal's constitution
dmay grant interim measures only with the prior written consent of the arbitral tribunal
Answer: B
Section 9(3) provides that once the tribunal is constituted, the court shall not entertain a Section 9 application unless it finds that circumstances exist which may not render the remedy under Section 17 efficacious.
Q164Arbitration & Conciliation Act

The ground that the arbitral award is vitiated by 'patent illegality appearing on the face of the award', codified in Section 34(2A) by the 2015 Amendment, is available for setting aside:

aan arbitral award arising out of arbitrations other than international commercial arbitrations
bonly foreign awards sought to be enforced in India
conly awards where the dispute value exceeds rupees one crore
dany arbitral award including one arising out of an international commercial arbitration
Answer: A
Section 34(2A) expressly confines the ground of patent illegality to awards arising out of arbitrations 'other than international commercial arbitrations'; it is unavailable against an award in an international commercial arbitration.
Q165Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Where a person falls within a category set out in the Seventh Schedule, rendering him ineligible to be appointed an arbitrator under Section 12(5) of the Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996, the parties may waive the applicability of that sub-section:

aonly by an express agreement in writing entered into after disputes have arisen between them
bby a term incorporated in the original contract containing the arbitration clause
cthey cannot waive it under any circumstances, the ineligibility being absolute
dby an oral agreement recorded by the arbitrator before commencement of proceedings
Answer: A
The proviso to Section 12(5) allows waiver of ineligibility only by an express agreement in writing, and such waiver can be made only after disputes have arisen between the parties.
Q166Arbitration & Conciliation Act

In 'In Re: Interplay between Arbitration Agreements under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 and the Indian Stamp Act, 1899' (2023), the seven-Judge Constitution Bench held that an arbitration agreement contained in an unstamped or insufficiently stamped instrument is:

avoid ab initio and incapable of being acted upon
benforceable only in international commercial arbitrations
cvalid only if the deficient stamp duty is paid before the dispute arises
dnot void or unenforceable; the defect of stamping is curable and only affects admissibility in evidence
Answer: D
The seven-Judge Bench overruled N.N. Global and held that non-stamping or insufficient stamping is a curable defect affecting only admissibility, not the validity or enforceability of the arbitration agreement.
Q167Arbitration & Conciliation Act

In Cox and Kings Ltd. v. SAP India Pvt. Ltd. (2023), the Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court affirmed the 'Group of Companies' doctrine, anchoring the binding of a non-signatory to an arbitration agreement principally in:

aSection 16 dealing with competence of the tribunal to rule on its jurisdiction
bSection 89 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
cthe definition of 'parties' read with Section 7(4)(b) of the Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996
dthe doctrine of forum non conveniens
Answer: C
The Court located the doctrine within the statutory definition of 'parties' (Section 2(1)(h) read with Section 7), holding that a non-signatory may be bound where conduct and the commercial relationship show an intention to be bound by the arbitration agreement.
Q168Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Under Section 8(1) of the Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996 (as amended in 2015), a judicial authority before which an action is brought in a matter that is the subject of an arbitration agreement shall refer the parties to arbitration:

aonly if the application is moved before filing of the written statement, irrespective of any first statement on the substance of the dispute
bin its discretion, even where a valid arbitration agreement plainly exists
cnotwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of the Supreme Court or any court, unless it finds that prima facie no valid arbitration agreement exists
donly after conclusively deciding that a valid and binding arbitration agreement exists
Answer: C
The 2015 Amendment recast Section 8(1) so that the court must refer parties to arbitration 'notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of the Supreme Court or any court' unless it finds that prima facie no valid arbitration agreement exists.
Q169Indian Contract Act

The right of general lien, in the absence of a contract to the contrary, is conferred by Section 171 of the Indian Contract Act on bankers, factors, wharfingers, policy-brokers and:

aUnpaid sellers
bAttorneys of a High Court
cInnkeepers
dCarriers
Answer: B
Section 171 grants a general lien only to bankers, factors, wharfingers, attorneys of a High Court and policy-brokers; no other persons have such a right absent an express contract.
Q170Indian Contract Act

As a general rule under Section 230 of the Indian Contract Act, an agent acting for a disclosed principal:

aIs always personally liable on the contract
bCannot personally enforce, nor is he personally bound by, contracts made on behalf of the principal, in the absence of a contract to that effect
cCan personally enforce, and is personally bound by, every contract he makes
dIs liable jointly and severally with the principal in all cases
Answer: B
Section 230 lays down that, absent a contract to the contrary, an agent neither personally enforces nor is personally bound by contracts made on behalf of his principal; the three statutory exceptions (foreign merchant, undisclosed principal, principal who cannot be sued) only raise a presumption to the contrary.
Q171Indian Contract Act

'A' offers a reward to anyone who finds and returns his lost dog. 'B', knowing of the offer, finds and returns the dog. The acceptance of A's offer is governed by the principle that:

aPerformance of the conditions of a proposal is acceptance of the proposal under Section 8
bB can claim the reward only if he accepted in writing before searching
cNo contract arises as the acceptance was not communicated in words
dThe offer lapses the moment the dog is lost
Answer: A
Section 8 provides that performance of the conditions of a proposal is an acceptance of the proposal; in a general offer (cf. Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.) doing the required act with knowledge of the offer completes the contract.
Q172Indian Contract Act

Under Section 2(g) of the Indian Contract Act, an agreement not enforceable by law is said to be:

aVoid
bContingent
cVoidable
dIllegal
Answer: A
Section 2(g) defines a 'void agreement' as one not enforceable by law, whereas Section 2(i) defines a 'voidable contract' as one enforceable at the option of one party.
Q173Indian Contract Act

A contract whereby one party promises to save the other from loss caused to him by the conduct of the promisor himself or of any other person is, under Section 124 of the Indian Contract Act, a contract of:

aBailment
bGuarantee
cPledge
dIndemnity
Answer: D
Section 124 defines a contract of indemnity as one where the promisor undertakes to save the promisee from loss caused by the promisor's own conduct or that of any other person; it involves only two parties.
Q174Indian Contract Act

When the consent of a party to an agreement is caused by coercion, undue influence, fraud or misrepresentation, the agreement is:

aIllegal
bValid and binding on both parties
cA contract voidable at the option of the party whose consent was so caused
dVoid ab initio
Answer: C
Under Section 19 (and 19A for undue influence), consent caused by coercion, fraud or misrepresentation makes the contract voidable at the option of the party whose consent was so obtained, not void ab initio.
Q175Indian Contract Act

Under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, an agreement enforceable by law at the option of one or more of the parties thereto, but not at the option of the other or others, is termed:

aa contingent contract
ba void agreement
ca voidable contract
da quasi-contract
Answer: C
Section 2(i) defines a voidable contract as one enforceable by law at the option of one or more parties but not at the option of the other(s). A void agreement [Section 2(g)] is one not enforceable by law.
Q176Indian Contract Act

Consent obtained by which of the following renders the contract voidable at the option of the party whose consent was so caused under Section 19?

aMistake of law in force in India
bBilateral mistake of fact essential to the agreement
cLawful consideration and object
dCoercion, fraud or misrepresentation
Answer: D
Section 19 makes a contract voidable at the option of the aggrieved party where consent is caused by coercion, fraud or misrepresentation. Bilateral mistake of fact essential to the agreement makes the agreement void under Section 20.
Q177Indian Contract Act

Every agreement by which any one is restrained from exercising a lawful profession, trade or business of any kind, is, under Section 27 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872:

avalid if supported by consideration
bvoidable at the option of the restrained party
cto that extent void
denforceable only with the permission of the court
Answer: C
Section 27 declares that an agreement in restraint of trade is to that extent void. The sole statutory exception saves an agreement by a seller of goodwill not to carry on a similar business within reasonable local limits.
Q178Limitation Act

A person entitled to file a suit is a minor at the time from which the prescribed period would otherwise begin to run. Under Section 6 of the Limitation Act, 1963, he may institute the suit:

aat any time, as no limitation runs against a minor
bwithin thirty days of attaining majority, irrespective of the prescribed period
cwithin the same period, after the disability has ceased, as would otherwise have been allowed from the time specified in the Schedule
donly before attaining majority, through a next friend
Answer: C
Section 6 allows a person under a legal disability (minor, insane or idiot) at the relevant time to institute the suit within the same period, after the disability ceases, as would otherwise have been allowed under the third column of the Schedule.
Q179Limitation Act

A suit is founded on the fraud of the defendant, the knowledge of which was concealed from the plaintiff. Under Section 17 of the Limitation Act, 1963, the period of limitation does not begin to run until:

athe plaintiff has discovered the fraud, or could with reasonable diligence have discovered it
bthe defendant admits the fraud in writing
cthe suit is actually instituted
dthree years from the date the fraud was committed
Answer: A
Section 17 postpones the running of limitation in cases of fraud, concealment or mistake until the plaintiff has discovered the fraud or mistake, or could with reasonable diligence have discovered it.
Q180Limitation Act

In a suit, the plaintiff seeks to exclude, under Section 14 of the Limitation Act, 1963, the time spent prosecuting an earlier proceeding. Such exclusion is available where the earlier proceeding was:

aprosecuted in good faith in a court which, from defect of jurisdiction or other cause of a like nature, was unable to entertain it
bdismissed on the merits after a full trial
cwithdrawn by the plaintiff for tactical reasons before any order
dinstituted in a court of competent jurisdiction but later transferred
Answer: A
Section 14 excludes time spent prosecuting, with due diligence and in good faith, another civil proceeding relating to the same matter, where that court was, from defect of jurisdiction or other cause of a like nature, unable to entertain it.
Q181Limitation Act

Once the period of limitation has begun to run, the principle under Section 9 of the Limitation Act, 1963 is that:

aany subsequent disability of the plaintiff suspends it for the duration of the disability
bthe death of the plaintiff always interrupts and restarts it
cit is automatically extended by the period of any later disability
dno subsequent disability or inability to institute a suit stops it running
Answer: D
Section 9 lays down that where once time has begun to run, no subsequent disability or inability to institute a suit or make an application stops it (subject to the proviso regarding administration of an estate).
Q182Limitation Act

In the case of a continuing breach of contract or a continuing tort, Section 22 of the Limitation Act, 1963 provides that:

aa fresh period of limitation begins to run at every moment during which the breach or tort continues
bthe period of limitation runs only from the date of the first breach
cthe period of limitation runs from the date the breach finally ceases
dno period of limitation applies at all so long as the breach continues
Answer: A
Section 22 provides that in the case of a continuing breach of contract or a continuing tort, a fresh period of limitation begins to run at every moment of the time during which the breach or the tort continues.
Q183Limitation Act

An application for execution of a decree of a Delhi civil court is governed by Article 136 of the Schedule to the Limitation Act, 1963, which prescribes a period of:

athree years from the date of the decree
bthirty years from when the decree becomes enforceable
csix years from the date of the decree
dtwelve years from when the decree or order becomes enforceable
Answer: D
Article 136 prescribes twelve years for execution of any decree (other than a decree granting a mandatory injunction) or order, running from when the decree or order becomes enforceable.
Q184Limitation Act

Where the Schedule to the Limitation Act, 1963 prescribes no specific period for a suit, the residuary Article 113 applies, fixing the period at:

aone year from when the right to sue accrues
bthree years from when the right to sue accrues
ctwelve years from when the right to sue accrues
dthirty days from when the right to sue accrues
Answer: B
Article 113 is the residuary provision for suits for which no period of limitation is provided elsewhere in the Schedule, prescribing three years from when the right to sue accrues (the parallel residuary provision for applications is Article 137).
Q185Limitation Act

Under the Limitation Act, 1963, where the prescribed period for a suit, appeal or application expires on a day when the court is closed, the proceeding may be instituted, preferred or made:

aOn the day when the court reopens
bOn the day immediately preceding the day on which the court closed
cWithin fifteen days from the date the court reopens
dOnly after obtaining the permission of the court for condonation of delay
Answer: A
Section 4 of the Limitation Act, 1963 expressly permits the proceeding to be instituted on the day the court reopens where the period expires on a day the court is closed.
Q186Specific Relief Act

The remedy of 'substituted performance' introduced by the 2018 amendment is contained in which section of the Specific Relief Act, 1963?

aSection 25
bSection 14A
cSection 20
dSection 19
Answer: C
Section 20, as substituted by the 2018 amendment, provides for substituted performance, entitling an aggrieved party (after giving notice) to get the contract performed by a third party or his own agency and recover the costs from the defaulting party.
Q187Specific Relief Act

Under Section 20A of the Specific Relief Act, 1963, no injunction shall be granted by a court in a suit involving a contract relating to:

aA contract for the construction of a private residential dwelling
bAn infrastructure project specified in the Schedule, where the injunction would impede or delay its progress or completion
cAny contract whose value exceeds one crore rupees
dAny contract entered into with the Central or a State Government
Answer: B
Section 20A, inserted by the 2018 amendment, bars the grant of any injunction in a suit involving a contract relating to an infrastructure project specified in the Schedule where the injunction would cause impediment or delay in its progress or completion.
Q188Specific Relief Act

Section 20C of the Specific Relief Act, 1963, dealing with expeditious disposal of suits, provides that a suit filed under the Act in respect of a contract relating to an infrastructure project shall be disposed of within:

aTwo years from the date of institution
bNinety days from the framing of issues
cTwelve months from the date of service of summons, extendable by not more than six months in aggregate
dSix months, extendable by three months
Answer: C
Section 20C mandates disposal within twelve months from the date of service of summons on the defendant, extendable by the court for reasons recorded in writing by a further period not exceeding six months in aggregate.
Q189Specific Relief Act

Under Section 21 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963, in a suit for specific performance of a contract, the plaintiff may also claim:

aInterest at a statutory rate of eighteen percent per annum
bCompensation only where the contract relates to immovable property
cPunitive damages calculated at three times the contract value
dCompensation for its breach, either in addition to, or in substitution for, such performance
Answer: D
Section 21 permits the plaintiff in a specific-performance suit to claim compensation for breach either in addition to, or in substitution for, specific performance; where the court decides that performance ought not be granted, it may award compensation in lieu thereof.
Q190Commercial Courts Act, 2015

In Patil Automation Pvt. Ltd. v. Rakheja Engineers Pvt. Ltd. (2022), the Supreme Court held that non-compliance with the mandatory pre-institution mediation under Section 12A must result in:

aReturn of the plaint for presentation to the proper court
bRejection of the plaint under Order VII Rule 11 CPC, exercisable even suo motu
cImposition of costs but continuation of the suit
dStay of the suit until mediation is completed
Answer: B
The Supreme Court declared Section 12A mandatory and held that a plaint filed in violation of it must be rejected under Order VII Rule 11 CPC, a power the court may exercise even suo motu.
Q191Commercial Courts Act, 2015

Under Section 12A, the process of pre-institution mediation under the Commercial Courts Act, 2015 is to be conducted by authorities constituted under which enactment?

aThe Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
bThe Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
cThe Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987
dThe Mediation Act, 2023
Answer: C
Section 12A provides that pre-institution mediation shall be conducted by the authorities constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, in the prescribed manner.
Q192Commercial Courts Act, 2015

A settlement arrived at by the parties through pre-institution mediation under Section 12A of the Commercial Courts Act, 2015 shall have the same status and effect as:

aA consent order of the High Court
bA decree of a civil court
cA compromise recorded under Order XXIII CPC
dAn arbitral award on agreed terms under Section 30(4) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
Answer: D
Section 12A(5) provides that the settlement so reached shall have the same status and effect as an arbitral award on agreed terms under sub-section (4) of Section 30 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.
Q193Partnership / LLP Act

In the absence of any trade usage to the contrary, the implied authority of a partner under Section 19 does NOT empower him to:

aAcquire immovable property on behalf of the firm
bEngage a servant for the business of the firm
cReceive payment of debts due to the firm
dBuy goods of a kind ordinarily dealt in by the firm
Answer: A
Section 19(2) excludes from a partner's implied authority, among other acts, acquiring or transferring immovable property of the firm, submitting a dispute to arbitration, and entering into partnership on behalf of the firm.
Q194Partnership / LLP Act

Subject to a contract between the partners, the goodwill of the business of a firm is:

aIncluded in the property of the firm
bIncapable of being sold on dissolution
cThe exclusive property of the senior-most partner
dThe personal property of the partner who founded the firm
Answer: A
Section 14 expressly provides that the property of the firm includes the goodwill of the business, subject to contract between the partners.
Q195Partnership / LLP Act

A person who is a minor may, with the consent of all the partners for the time being:

aBe appointed as the managing partner of the firm
bBecome a partner only after furnishing security
cBe admitted to the benefits of partnership
dBe made a full partner liable for the firm's debts
Answer: C
Under Section 30, a minor cannot be a partner but, with the consent of all partners, may be admitted to the benefits of partnership; his liability is limited to his share and he is not personally liable.
Q196POCSO Act

After the POCSO (Amendment) Act, 2019, where penetrative sexual assault under Section 3 is committed on a child below sixteen years of age, the minimum punishment under Section 4(2) shall not be less than:

aTwenty years
bSeven years
cTen years
dImprisonment for life only
Answer: A
Section 4(2), inserted by the 2019 amendment, prescribes a minimum of twenty years which may extend to imprisonment for the remainder of natural life, plus fine, where the victim is below sixteen years.
Q197POCSO Act

Which of the following punishments was introduced for aggravated penetrative sexual assault under Section 6 of the POCSO Act by the 2019 Amendment, in addition to imprisonment?

aPublic censure
bForfeiture of property
cSolitary confinement only
dDeath
Answer: D
Section 6, as amended in 2019, prescribes rigorous imprisonment of not less than twenty years extending to imprisonment for the remainder of natural life, or with death.
Q198Transfer of Property / Property Law / Easements

Where a person erroneously or fraudulently represents that he is authorised to transfer certain immovable property and professes to transfer it for consideration, and subsequently acquires an interest in that property, the transferee may, at his option, claim that interest. This doctrine of 'feeding the grant by estoppel' is embodied in:

aSection 41
bSection 51
cSection 53A
dSection 43
Answer: D
Section 43 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 enacts the rule of feeding the grant by estoppel: the transfer operates, at the transferee's option, on any interest the transferor afterwards acquires while the contract subsists. It operates as an exception to the rule in Section 6(a)/7 that a mere chance is not transferable.

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