Delhi Judiciary · Prelims Mock Test 5

Delhi Judiciary Mock Test 5 — Questions & Solutions

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Q1General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

At the 2023 G20 Summit hosted by India in New Delhi, which entity was admitted as a permanent member of the G20?

aSAARC
bThe African Union
cASEAN
dBRICS
Answer: B
At the New Delhi G20 Summit (September 2023), the African Union was admitted as a permanent member, becoming the second regional bloc after the European Union to attain that status.
Q2General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Under the Constitution of India, the Attorney-General for India is appointed by the President under which Article?

aArticle 165
bArticle 76
cArticle 148
dArticle 124
Answer: B
Article 76 provides for the appointment of the Attorney-General for India by the President; the office is currently held by R. Venkataramani.
Q3General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

In jurisprudence, the theory that law is the 'command of the sovereign backed by sanction' is associated with:

aJohn Austin
bHans Kelsen
cRoscoe Pound
dFriedrich Karl von Savigny
Answer: A
John Austin, the leading exponent of the Analytical or Positivist school, defined law as the command of a sovereign backed by sanctions.
Q4General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The legal maxim 'audi alteram partem' is a facet of the principles of natural justice and means:

aJustice delayed is justice denied
bNo one shall be condemned unheard
cNo man can be a judge in his own cause
dHe who comes to equity must come with clean hands
Answer: B
'Audi alteram partem' literally means 'hear the other side', i.e., no person should be condemned without being given a fair opportunity of being heard.
Q5General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

A is the brother of B. C is the father of A. D is the sister of C. How is D related to B?

aMother
bSister
cAunt (father's sister)
dGrandmother
Answer: C
C is the father of A and B (since A and B are brothers, C is father of both). D, being C's sister, is the paternal aunt of B.
Q6General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

If in a certain code 'COURT' is written as 'DPVSU', then how is 'JUDGE' written in that code?

aKVEHF
bIVCHF
cKWEHF
dKVFHE
Answer: A
Each letter is shifted one place forward in the alphabet (C to D, O to P, etc.). Applying the same shift to JUDGE gives K, V, E, H, F = KVEHF.
Q7General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

A sum of money doubles itself in 8 years at simple interest. The annual rate of interest is:

a8%
b12.5%
c10%
d16%
Answer: B
To double, the simple interest must equal the principal, so 100% interest accrues in 8 years; the rate is 100/8 = 12.5% per annum.
Q8General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Select the correctly spelt and meaningful word among the following:

aMispelt
bLiaison
cMaintainance
dEmbarass
Answer: B
'Liaison' is correctly spelt; the correct spellings of the others are 'misspelt', 'embarrass' and 'maintenance'.
Q9General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Who took oath as the 52nd Chief Justice of India in May 2025, becoming the first Buddhist to hold that office?

aJustice Sanjiv Khanna
bJustice D.Y. Chandrachud
cJustice Surya Kant
dJustice B.R. Gavai
Answer: D
Justice Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai was sworn in as the 52nd CJI on 14 May 2025, succeeding Justice Sanjiv Khanna, and is the first Buddhist to hold the office.
Q10General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Which team won the ICC Men's Champions Trophy 2025, defeating New Zealand in the final at Dubai?

aAustralia
bIndia
cEngland
dSouth Africa
Answer: B
India beat New Zealand by four wickets in the final on 9 March 2025 at the Dubai International Cricket Stadium to win the Champions Trophy 2025.
Q11General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Smt. Droupadi Murmu, the first tribal woman to become President of India, took office in which year?

a2022
b2024
c2019
d2017
Answer: A
Droupadi Murmu was elected the 15th President of India and assumed office on 25 July 2022, becoming the first tribal woman President.
Q12General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Which of the following persons was NOT among those conferred the Bharat Ratna in the year 2024?

aM.S. Swaminathan
bPranab Mukherjee
cL.K. Advani
dKarpoori Thakur
Answer: B
The five Bharat Ratna recipients for 2024 were Karpoori Thakur, L.K. Advani, P.V. Narasimha Rao, Chaudhary Charan Singh and M.S. Swaminathan; Pranab Mukherjee was honoured in 2019, not 2024.
Q13General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The Booker Prize 2025 was awarded to David Szalay for his novel titled:

aThe Bee Sting
bOrbital
cFlesh
dProphet Song
Answer: C
Hungarian-British author David Szalay won the Booker Prize 2025 for his novel 'Flesh', announced in November 2025.
Q14General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

In jurisprudence, the analytical school of law that defines law as the 'command of the sovereign backed by sanction' is principally associated with:

aFriedrich Carl von Savigny
bJohn Austin
cRoscoe Pound
dHans Kelsen
Answer: B
John Austin, founder of the analytical/positivist school, propounded the command theory: law is the command of a sovereign backed by sanction.
Q15General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Hans Kelsen's 'Pure Theory of Law' is built around the foundational concept of the:

aSocial engineering
bVolksgeist
cLiving law
dGrundnorm
Answer: D
Kelsen's Pure Theory posits a hierarchy of norms deriving validity from a basic norm or 'Grundnorm' at the apex of the legal order.
Q16General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Choose the word most nearly OPPOSITE in meaning to ' MITIGATE ':

aModerate
bAlleviate
cPacify
dAggravate
Answer: D
'Mitigate' means to make less severe; its antonym is 'aggravate', meaning to make worse. The other options are synonyms.
Q17General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

In a certain code, FRIDAY is written as GQJCBX by shifting its letters alternately +1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1. Using the same rule, how is MONDAY written in that code?

aNPOCBX
bNNOCBX
cNPMEBX
dLPMCBX
Answer: B
Applying +1,-1,+1,-1,+1,-1 to M,O,N,D,A,Y gives M+1=N, O-1=N, N+1=O, D-1=C, A+1=B, Y-1=X, i.e. NNOCBX.
Q18General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Pointing to a photograph, a man said, 'She is the only daughter of my grandfather's only son.' How is the woman in the photograph related to the man?

aNiece
bSister
cAunt
dMother
Answer: B
The grandfather's only son is the man's own father; the only daughter of his father is therefore the man's sister.
Q19General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

If the day before yesterday was a Thursday, what day will it be on the day after tomorrow?

aMonday
bWednesday
cSunday
dTuesday
Answer: A
If the day before yesterday was Thursday, then yesterday was Friday, today is Saturday, tomorrow Sunday and the day after tomorrow is Monday.
Q20General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The Indian Penal Code, 1860 has been replaced, with effect from 1st July 2024, by which of the following enactments?

aBharatiya Dand Sanhita, 2023
bBharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
cBharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
dBharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
Answer: C
The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Act 45 of 2023) replaced the Indian Penal Code, 1860 with effect from 1 July 2024; the BNSS replaced the CrPC and the BSA replaced the Evidence Act.
Q21General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Who assumed office as the 53rd Chief Justice of India on 24th November 2025?

aJustice D. Y. Chandrachud
bJustice Sanjiv Khanna
cJustice B. R. Gavai
dJustice Surya Kant
Answer: D
Justice Surya Kant was sworn in as the 53rd Chief Justice of India on 24 November 2025, succeeding Justice B. R. Gavai.
Q22General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The 2025 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Maria Corina Machado, a leading opposition figure from which country?

aCuba
bColombia
cBolivia
dVenezuela
Answer: D
The Norwegian Nobel Committee awarded the 2025 Nobel Peace Prize to Venezuelan opposition leader Maria Corina Machado for her work promoting democratic rights in Venezuela.
Q23General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

India won the ICC Champions Trophy 2025 by defeating which team in the final at Dubai?

aEngland
bAustralia
cSouth Africa
dNew Zealand
Answer: D
India beat New Zealand by four wickets in the Champions Trophy 2025 final at Dubai to claim their third title; Rohit Sharma was Player of the Match.
Q24General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

In jurisprudence, the maxim 'ubi jus ibi remedium' conveys the principle that:

aAn act done by me against my will is not my act
bIgnorance of law is no excuse
cThe law does not concern itself with trifles
dWhere there is a right, there is a remedy
Answer: D
'Ubi jus ibi remedium' means wherever the law confers a right, it also provides a remedy for its violation.
Q25General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Justice B. V. Nagarathna is scheduled to create history in 2027 by becoming the first:

aWoman Chief Justice of India
bWoman Chairperson of the Law Commission
cWoman Attorney General of India
dWoman Chief Election Commissioner
Answer: A
As per the existing line of seniority, Justice B. V. Nagarathna is set to become the first woman Chief Justice of India in September 2027.
Q26General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

A clock loses 5 minutes every hour. If it is set correctly at 12:00 noon, what time will the clock show when the correct time is 6:00 p.m. the same day?

a5:25 p.m.
b5:45 p.m.
c5:35 p.m.
d5:30 p.m.
Answer: D
In 6 real hours the clock loses 6 x 5 = 30 minutes, so it shows 6:00 p.m. minus 30 minutes = 5:30 p.m.
Q27General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The maxim 'actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea', fundamental to criminal liability, means:

aA man cannot take advantage of his own wrong
bNo person can be punished twice for the same offence
cLet the buyer beware
dAn act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty
Answer: D
The maxim requires both a wrongful act (actus reus) and a guilty mind (mens rea) for criminal liability; mere commission of an act without the requisite mental state generally does not constitute a crime.
Q28General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

If in a certain code 'LEGAL' is written as 'OHJDO', then how will 'COURT' be written in the same code?

aERXUW
bFQXUW
cFRXUW
dFRXVW
Answer: C
Each letter is shifted three places forward (L+3=O, E+3=H, etc.). Applying +3 to C, O, U, R, T gives F, R, X, U, W.
Q29General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, which replaced the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, comprises how many sections in total?

a358
b170
c167
d511
Answer: B
The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 contains 170 sections, whereas the repealed Indian Evidence Act, 1872 had 167 sections.
Q30English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word OPPOSITE in meaning to: FRUGAL

aSparing
bThrifty
cExtravagant
dEconomical
Answer: C
'Frugal' means economical or sparing in spending; its antonym is 'extravagant'. The other three options are synonyms of 'frugal'.
Q31English Language & Comprehension

Select the sentence that is free from error in the use of articles.

aHe is a university student preparing for the judicial service.
bHe is an university student preparing for the judicial service.
cHe is the university student preparing for a judicial service.
dHe is a university student preparing for an judicial service.
Answer: A
'University' begins with a consonant 'y' sound, so it takes 'a', not 'an'; and 'the judicial service' refers to a specific service. Option (b) applies both rules correctly.
Q32English Language & Comprehension

Choose the correct one-word substitute for: 'A statement that is taken to be true without proof, serving as a starting point for reasoning'.

aAxiom
bParadox
cCorollary
dHypothesis
Answer: A
An 'axiom' is a self-evident proposition accepted as true without proof. A 'hypothesis' is a proposition to be tested, and a 'corollary' is a conclusion that follows from a proved statement.
Q33English Language & Comprehension

Identify the word that best completes the analogy: 'Stammer is to speech as ______ is to walk.'

aStumble
bStroll
cSprint
dMarch
Answer: A
A stammer is a faltering, halting defect in speech; the corresponding faltering defect in walking is a 'stumble'. The other options describe smooth or deliberate walking.
Q34English Language & Comprehension

Fill in the blank with the most appropriate word: 'Despite overwhelming evidence, the witness gave a ______ account, contradicting himself at every turn.'

aincongruous
blucid
ccoherent
dspecious
Answer: A
An account that contradicts itself is 'incongruous' (inconsistent, not in harmony). 'Coherent' and 'lucid' mean the opposite, and 'specious' means superficially plausible but actually wrong, which does not fit 'contradicting himself'.
Q35English Language & Comprehension

Read the passage and answer the question. 'The doctrine of precedent requires that a lower court follow the ratio decidendi laid down by a superior court. Obiter dicta, however persuasive, do not bind. A judge departing from this discipline invites reversal on appeal.' According to the passage, what is binding on a lower court?

aBoth the ratio decidendi and the obiter dicta of a superior court
bOnly the obiter dicta of a superior court
cThe ratio decidendi of a superior court
dNeither the ratio decidendi nor the obiter dicta
Answer: C
The passage states that the lower court must follow the 'ratio decidendi' of a superior court, while 'obiter dicta' do not bind however persuasive they may be.
Q36English Language & Comprehension

Choose the correct active-to-passive transformation of: 'The court will pronounce the judgment tomorrow.'

aThe judgment would be pronounced by the court tomorrow.
bThe judgment will be pronounced by the court tomorrow.
cThe judgment is pronounced by the court tomorrow.
dThe judgment has been pronounced by the court tomorrow.
Answer: B
The simple future active 'will pronounce' becomes 'will be pronounced' in the passive, retaining the future tense and the time marker 'tomorrow'. The other options change the tense incorrectly.
Q37English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word most nearly OPPOSITE in meaning to the word 'FRUGAL':

aThrifty
bEconomical
cExtravagant
dPrudent
Answer: C
'Frugal' means sparing or economical with money. Its antonym is 'extravagant', meaning wasteful or lavish in spending.
Q38English Language & Comprehension

Select the word that is the SYNONYM of 'CANDID':

aFrank
bHostile
cDevious
dReserved
Answer: A
'Candid' means truthful and straightforward; 'frank' is its closest synonym, both denoting openness and honesty.
Q39English Language & Comprehension

Fill in the blank with the correct preposition: 'The accused was acquitted ____ all the charges levelled against him.'

aof
bwith
cagainst
dfrom
Answer: A
The verb 'acquit' is idiomatically followed by the preposition 'of' when naming the charge — 'acquitted of the charges'.
Q40English Language & Comprehension

Identify the part of the sentence that contains an error: 'Neither the witnesses (a)/ nor the complainant (b)/ were present (c)/ in the court. (d)'

awere present
bnor the complainant
cNeither the witnesses
din the court.
Answer: A
With 'neither...nor', the verb agrees with the nearer subject. As 'complainant' is singular, the verb should be 'was present', not 'were present'.
Q41English Language & Comprehension

Choose the one word that correctly substitutes the phrase: 'A statement that is accepted as true without proof.'

aPostulate
bAxiom
cHypothesis
dTheorem
Answer: B
An 'axiom' is a self-evident truth accepted without proof. A hypothesis awaits testing, and a theorem requires demonstration.
Q42English Language & Comprehension

Select the correct indirect speech: He said to me, "Are you coming to the hearing tomorrow?"

aHe asked me that was I coming to the hearing the next day.
bHe asked me if I am coming to the hearing tomorrow.
cHe asked me whether I was coming to the hearing the next day.
dHe told me whether I was coming to the hearing the next day.
Answer: C
An interrogative is reported with 'asked...whether/if', the tense is back-shifted ('are' to 'was'), and 'tomorrow' becomes 'the next day'.
Q43English Language & Comprehension

Choose the correct meaning of the idiom: 'to throw down the gauntlet'.

aTo surrender unconditionally
bTo waste an opportunity
cTo act recklessly
dTo issue a challenge
Answer: D
'To throw down the gauntlet' means to issue a bold challenge or invite a contest, deriving from the medieval custom of challenging to a duel.
Q44English Language & Comprehension

Fill in the blank with the most appropriate word: 'The lawyer's argument was so ____ that even the opposing counsel was impressed by its clarity.'

acogent
bverbose
cambiguous
dspurious
Answer: A
'Cogent' means clear, logical and convincing, which fits the praise for clarity. The other options carry negative or contradictory connotations.
Q45English Language & Comprehension

Choose the correct passive voice of the sentence: 'The court has dismissed the petition.'

aThe petition was dismissed by the court.
bThe petition had been dismissed by the court.
cThe petition has been dismissed by the court.
dThe petition is being dismissed by the court.
Answer: C
The present perfect active 'has dismissed' converts to the present perfect passive 'has been dismissed', retaining the same tense.
Q46English Language & Comprehension

Identify the correctly spelt word:

aPrivilage
bPriviledge
cPrivelege
dPrivilege
Answer: D
The correct spelling is 'privilege' — with 'i' after 'v' and a soft 'g', and no 'd'.
Q47English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word that best completes the analogy: ABSOLVE : GUILT :: EXONERATE : ____

aVerdict
bReward
cBlame
dInnocence
Answer: C
To 'absolve' is to free from guilt, just as to 'exonerate' is to free someone from blame; the relationship is verb-to-thing-removed.
Q48English Language & Comprehension

Read the passage and answer: 'Justice delayed is justice denied. When a litigant must wait years for a verdict, the remedy, even if eventually granted, loses much of its value, for memories fade, evidence weakens, and faith in the system erodes.' According to the passage, prolonged delay primarily harms justice because:

ajudges are unable to remember the facts
bthe eventual remedy loses much of its value
ccourts become overcrowded with new cases
dlitigants are forced to pay higher legal fees
Answer: B
The passage states that even when granted, the remedy 'loses much of its value' due to delay; the other options are not mentioned.
Q49English Language & Comprehension

In the sentence 'Hardly had the judge entered the courtroom ____ everyone rose to their feet,' choose the word that correctly fills the blank:

athat
bthen
cthan
dwhen
Answer: D
The correlative construction is 'hardly...when'. ('Scarcely...when' and 'no sooner...than' are the parallel correct pairings.)
Q50English Language & Comprehension

Choose the option that correctly rearranges the parts to form a coherent sentence: (P) the principles of natural justice (Q) every administrative authority (R) is bound to follow (S) while deciding a dispute affecting rights

aP Q R S
bQ P R S
cR Q P S
dQ R P S
Answer: D
The logical order is subject (Q) + verb phrase (R) + object (P) + adverbial clause (S): 'Every administrative authority is bound to follow the principles of natural justice while deciding a dispute affecting rights.'
Q51English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word that is most nearly OPPOSITE in meaning to the word 'EPHEMERAL'.

aFragile
bPerpetual
cTransient
dFleeting
Answer: B
'Ephemeral' means lasting for a very short time; its antonym is 'perpetual', meaning everlasting. 'Transient' and 'fleeting' are synonyms, not antonyms.
Q52English Language & Comprehension

Select the word that is the SYNONYM of 'PERFUNCTORY'.

aElaborate
bDiligent
cMeticulous
dCursory
Answer: D
'Perfunctory' means carried out with minimum effort or care; 'cursory' (hasty and superficial) is its closest synonym. The other options denote careful, thorough work.
Q53English Language & Comprehension

Choose the option that correctly fills the blank: 'The senior advocate's argument was so ______ that even the opposing counsel conceded its logical force.'

aspurious
bfrivolous
ccogent
dvacuous
Answer: C
'Cogent' means clear, logical and convincing, which fits an argument whose logical force is conceded. The other words denote weak or baseless reasoning.
Q54English Language & Comprehension

Identify the part of the sentence that contains a grammatical error: 'Neither the judge nor the lawyers (a)/ was aware (b)/ of the amendment (c)/ that had come into force. (d)'

aNeither the judge nor the lawyers
bof the amendment
cthat had come into force
dwas aware
Answer: D
With 'neither...nor', the verb agrees with the nearer subject 'lawyers' (plural), so it should be 'were aware', not 'was aware'.
Q55English Language & Comprehension

Select the correctly spelt word.

aMaintenence
bMaintainance
cMaintainence
dMaintenance
Answer: D
The correct spelling is 'maintenance' — note the 'e' after 'maint' and before 'nance'.
Q56English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word that best completes the analogy: AFFIDAVIT : STATEMENT :: TESTIMONY : ____

aAppeal
bEvidence
cVerdict
dSummons
Answer: B
An affidavit is a kind of written statement; similarly, testimony is a form of evidence given orally. The relationship is one of a specific form to its general category.
Q57Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

The power of revision of the High Court over subordinate courts that have exercised a jurisdiction not vested in them, or failed to exercise a jurisdiction so vested, is contained in:

aSection 113
bSection 114
cSection 151
dSection 115
Answer: D
Section 115 confers revisional jurisdiction on the High Court over subordinate courts that have acted in excess of, or failed to exercise, the jurisdiction vested in them, or acted with material irregularity in its exercise.
Q58Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Where and to the extent a decree is varied or reversed in appeal, the provision under which the court orders restitution so as to place the parties in the position they would have occupied but for the decree is:

aSection 151
bSection 47
cSection 114
dSection 144
Answer: D
Section 144 CPC embodies the doctrine of restitution, requiring the court to restore parties to the position they would have occupied but for the decree that has since been varied or reversed.
Q59Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Nothing in the Code shall be deemed to limit or otherwise affect the inherent power of the court to make such orders as may be necessary for the ends of justice or to prevent abuse of the process of the court. This saving of inherent powers is found in:

aSection 153
bSection 151
cSection 148
dSection 94
Answer: B
Section 151 saves the inherent powers of the court to make orders necessary for the ends of justice or to prevent abuse of its process.
Q60Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

A temporary injunction restraining a party from doing a particular act may be granted by the court under which provision of the Code of Civil Procedure?

aOrder XL Rule 1
bOrder XXI Rule 32
cOrder XXXVIII Rules 1 and 2
dOrder XXXIX Rules 1 and 2
Answer: D
Order XXXIX Rules 1 and 2 govern the grant of temporary injunctions; Order XXXVIII relates to arrest and attachment before judgment.
Q61Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

The court may, at any stage of the proceedings, order that the name of any party improperly joined be struck out, or that any necessary or proper party be added. This power to add or strike out parties is contained in:

aOrder VI Rule 17
bOrder II Rule 2
cOrder XXII Rule 4
dOrder I Rule 10
Answer: D
Order I Rule 10(2) empowers the court at any stage to strike out a party improperly joined or to add any person whose presence is necessary for effective and complete adjudication.
Q62Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under Section 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, the Courts shall have jurisdiction to try all suits of a civil nature excepting suits of which their cognizance is either expressly or impliedly barred. In this context, a suit in which the right to property or to an office is contested is :

aA suit of a civil nature only if no religious question is involved
bA suit of a civil nature, notwithstanding that such right may depend entirely on the decision of questions as to religious rites or ceremonies
cTriable only by a religious tribunal
dNot a suit of a civil nature
Answer: B
Explanation I to Section 9 CPC declares that a suit in which the right to property or to an office is contested is a suit of a civil nature notwithstanding that such right may depend entirely on the decision of questions as to religious rites or ceremonies.
Q63Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

For the rule of res judicata under Section 11 of the Code of Civil Procedure to apply, the matter directly and substantially in issue in the subsequent suit must have been directly and substantially in issue in the former suit between the same parties and :

aMust have been decided by an appellate court only
bNeed not have been decided so long as it was raised
cMust have been heard and finally decided by a Court competent to try such subsequent suit
dMust have been left undecided in the former suit
Answer: C
Section 11 CPC requires that the matter in issue must have been heard and finally decided in the former suit by a Court of competent jurisdiction to try the subsequent suit; a matter merely raised but left undecided does not operate as res judicata.
Q64Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

The expression 'mesne profits' of property, as defined in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, means those profits which the person in wrongful possession of such property actually received or might with ordinary diligence have received therefrom, together with interest on such profits, but does not include :

aProfits which might with ordinary diligence have been received
bInterest on the profits
cProfits due to improvements made by the person in wrongful possession
dProfits actually received
Answer: C
Section 2(12) CPC defines mesne profits but expressly excludes profits due to improvements made by the person in wrongful possession of the property.
Q65Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

A foreign judgment shall not be conclusive under Section 13 of the Code of Civil Procedure where it has not been pronounced by a Court of competent jurisdiction, or has not been given on the merits of the case, or appears on its face to be founded on an incorrect view of international law or a refusal to recognise Indian law. Which of the following is also a ground enumerated in Section 13 :

aWhere the judgment sustains a claim founded on a breach of any law in force in India
bWhere the judgment was not registered in India
cWhere the judgment was delivered by a single Judge
dWhere the judgment was passed in the absence of one party
Answer: A
Clause (f) of Section 13 CPC makes a foreign judgment inconclusive where it sustains a claim founded on a breach of any law in force in India; the other listed options are not statutory grounds.
Q66Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure relating to the place of suing, a suit for the recovery of immovable property with or without rent or profits shall ordinarily be instituted in the Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction :

aThe property is situate
bThe plaintiff resides
cThe cause of action wholly or in part arises
dThe defendant resides or carries on business
Answer: A
Section 16 CPC provides that suits in respect of immovable property, including for the recovery of such property, shall be instituted in the Court within whose local limits the property is situate.
Q67Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Notwithstanding anything contained in any Letters Patent for any High Court or in any instrument having the force of law, where an appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a single Judge of a High Court, the position regarding any further appeal under the Code of Civil Procedure is that :

aA further appeal lies directly to the Supreme Court
bA further appeal lies only with the leave of the single Judge
cNo further appeal shall lie
dA Letters Patent Appeal lies as of right to a Division Bench
Answer: C
Section 100A CPC, beginning with a non-obstante clause that overrides the Letters Patent, provides that no further appeal shall lie from the judgment and decree of a single Judge who has heard and decided an appeal from an original or appellate decree or order.
Q68Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Section 89 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 empowers the Court, where it appears that there exist elements of a settlement, to refer the dispute for resolution through one of the prescribed modes. Which of the following is NOT a mode of settlement specified in Section 89 :

aConciliation
bPlea bargaining
cArbitration
dJudicial settlement including settlement through Lok Adalat
Answer: B
Section 89 CPC lists arbitration, conciliation, judicial settlement including settlement through Lok Adalat, and mediation as the modes of settlement; plea bargaining is a criminal-law concept and finds no place in Section 89.
Q69Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Where a decree is passed ex parte against a defendant, his application to the Court that passed the decree to have it set aside, on the ground that the summons was not duly served or that he was prevented by sufficient cause from appearing, is made under :

aOrder IX Rule 7
bSection 151
cOrder IX Rule 9
dOrder IX Rule 13
Answer: D
Order IX Rule 13 CPC governs the setting aside of an ex parte decree; if the defendant satisfies the Court that summons was not duly served or that sufficient cause prevented his appearance, the Court shall set aside the decree.
Q70Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under the proviso to Order VIII Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, a defendant is required to present his written statement within thirty days from the date of service of summons, which the Court may for recorded reasons extend, but not beyond ninety days. In an ordinary (non-commercial) civil suit, the Supreme Court has held this outer limit to be :

aDirectory, so that in exceptional cases the Court retains power to permit a later written statement
bMandatory, so that no written statement can be taken on record thereafter
cWholly inapplicable to written statements
dApplicable only to the plaintiff
Answer: A
In Kailash v. Nanhku and Salem Advocate Bar Association, the Supreme Court held that the ninety-day proviso to Order VIII Rule 1 CPC is directory in ordinary civil suits, leaving the Court a residual discretion in exceptional cases.
Q71Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Order XXI Rule 32 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides for the mode of execution where the party against whom a decree for specific performance of a contract, restitution of conjugal rights or an injunction has been passed has had an opportunity of obeying it and has wilfully failed to obey it. Such a decree may be enforced :

aOnly by issuing a fresh suit
bOnly by attachment of property
cOnly by arrest and detention in civil prison
dBy detention in civil prison, or by attachment of property, or by both
Answer: D
Order XXI Rule 32 CPC permits enforcement of such a decree against a wilfully disobedient judgment-debtor by his detention in civil prison, or by attachment of his property, or by both.
Q72Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Where and in so far as a decree is varied or reversed in any appeal, revision or other proceeding, the Court of first instance shall, on the application of any party entitled to any benefit by way of restitution, cause such restitution to be made as will, so far as may be, place the parties in the position which they would have occupied but for such decree. This power of restitution is contained in :

aSection 144 of the Code of Civil Procedure
bSection 114 of the Code of Civil Procedure
cOrder XLVII of the Code of Civil Procedure
dSection 151 of the Code of Civil Procedure
Answer: A
Section 144 CPC embodies the doctrine of restitution, requiring the Court of first instance, on a party's application, to restore the parties to the position they would have occupied but for the decree that has since been varied or reversed.
Q73Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

A second appeal lies to the High Court from an appellate decree under Section 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure only :

aAs of right, without any limiting condition
bOn a re-appreciation of the entire evidence
cOn any question of fact
dWhere the High Court is satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law
Answer: D
Section 100 CPC permits a second appeal to the High Court only where it is satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law, which must be formulated by the Court.
Q74Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under Section 60 of the Code of Civil Procedure, certain property is liable to attachment and sale in execution of a decree while certain particulars are exempt. Which of the following is expressly exempted from attachment under the proviso to Section 60 :

aBank deposits of the judgment-debtor
bThe necessary wearing apparel, cooking vessels and beds of the judgment-debtor and his family
cShares held by the judgment-debtor in a company
dHouses and buildings belonging to a trader
Answer: B
The proviso to Section 60 CPC exempts from attachment, inter alia, the necessary wearing apparel, cooking vessels, beds and bedding of the judgment-debtor, his wife and children, and such personal ornaments as cannot, in accordance with religious usage, be parted with by any woman.
Q75Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

The Court may, at any stage of the proceedings, either upon or without the application of either party, order that the name of any party improperly joined be struck out, and that the name of any person who ought to have been joined and whose presence is necessary to enable the Court to adjudicate upon and settle all questions involved be added. This power relating to addition and striking out of parties is conferred by :

aOrder II Rule 2
bOrder I Rule 10
cOrder XXII Rule 4
dOrder VI Rule 17
Answer: B
Order I Rule 10(2) CPC empowers the Court, at any stage, with or without application, to strike out a party improperly joined and to add any necessary or proper party whose presence is needed to effectually adjudicate the questions involved.
Q76Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

The High Court may call for the record of any case which has been decided by a Court subordinate to it and in which no appeal lies thereto, and may make such order as it thinks fit, if such subordinate Court appears to have exercised a jurisdiction not vested in it by law, or to have failed to exercise a jurisdiction so vested, or to have acted in the exercise of its jurisdiction illegally or with material irregularity. This power is the High Court's :

aPower of review under Section 114
bAppellate power under Section 96
cRevisional jurisdiction under Section 115
dInherent power under Section 151
Answer: C
Section 115 CPC confers revisional jurisdiction on the High Court over jurisdictional errors of subordinate courts in cases where no appeal lies, namely exercise of jurisdiction not vested, failure to exercise jurisdiction vested, or acting illegally or with material irregularity in exercise of jurisdiction.
Q77Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, a Court shall presume, upon the production of a certified copy of a foreign judgment, that such judgment was pronounced by a Court of competent jurisdiction, unless the contrary appears on the record or is proved. This presumption is contained in:

aSection 44A
bSection 13
cSection 44
dSection 14
Answer: D
Section 14 CPC raises a rebuttable presumption of competent jurisdiction on production of a certified copy of a foreign judgment; Section 13 lays down when such a judgment is conclusive.
Q78Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

A defendant on whom summons has been duly served must present his written statement within thirty days. Under Order VIII Rule 1 CPC, the Court may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, allow him to file it later, but not later than:

aNinety days from the date of service of summons
bSixty days from the date of service of summons
cSuch period as the Court may, in its absolute discretion, allow
dOne hundred and twenty days from the date of service of summons
Answer: A
The proviso to Order VIII Rule 1 CPC fixes an outer limit of ninety days from service of summons. In ordinary civil suits the Supreme Court in Kailash v. Nanhku (2005) held this period directory, though extension beyond it is allowed only in exceptional cases.
Q79Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Which of the following modes is NOT one of the forms of settlement of disputes outside the Court enumerated in Section 89 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908?

aPlea bargaining
bMediation
cArbitration
dConciliation
Answer: A
Section 89 CPC lists arbitration, conciliation, judicial settlement including settlement through Lok Adalat, and mediation. Plea bargaining is a criminal-law concept and finds no place in Section 89.
Q80Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

The doctrine of res sub judice, which bars a Court from proceeding with the trial of a suit where the matter in issue is also directly and substantially in issue in a previously instituted suit between the same parties, is embodied in:

aSection 11 of the Code
bSection 9 of the Code
cSection 10 of the Code
dSection 12 of the Code
Answer: C
Section 10 CPC (res sub judice) stays the trial of a later suit when the same matter is pending in a previously instituted suit between the same parties; res judicata under Section 11 bars a suit already finally decided.
Q81Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under Order VII Rule 11 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, a plaint shall be rejected in all the following cases EXCEPT:

aWhere it does not disclose a cause of action
bWhere the relief is undervalued and the plaintiff fails to correct the valuation within the time fixed by the Court
cWhere the suit appears from the statement in the plaint to be barred by any law
dWhere the plaint discloses a cause of action but the defence appears to be strong
Answer: D
Order VII Rule 11 CPC lists specific grounds such as no cause of action, suit barred by law, undervaluation, and insufficient stamping. The strength of the defence is irrelevant; the plaint is tested on its own averments.
Q82Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

The proviso to Section 223(1) of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 introduces a significant safeguard at the cognizance stage in a complaint case. It provides that no cognizance of an offence shall be taken by the Magistrate without:

aObtaining a police report under Section 193
bThe prior sanction of the District Magistrate
cGiving the accused an opportunity of being heard
dRecording reasons in writing before the Sessions Court
Answer: C
The proviso to Section 223(1) BNSS mandates that before taking cognizance on a complaint, the Magistrate must give the proposed accused an opportunity of being heard, a safeguard absent in the old CrPC.
Q83Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 356 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, which introduces trial in absentia, the Court may proceed with the trial and pronounce judgment in the absence of an accused who has been declared a proclaimed offender, only after publication requiring him to appear within:

aSixty days of such publication
bFifteen days of such publication
cNinety days of such publication
dThirty days of such publication
Answer: D
Section 356 BNSS requires publication in a newspaper informing the proclaimed offender that, if he fails to appear within thirty days of the publication, the trial shall commence in his absence.
Q84Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 472 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, a convict under sentence of death (or his legal heir or relative) may, after being informed of the dismissal of his appeal or confirmation of the sentence, file a mercy petition before the President or the Governor within:

aThirty days
bSeven days
cFifteen days
dSixty days
Answer: A
Section 472 BNSS, a new provision prescribing a statutory time-frame for mercy petitions, requires the petition to be filed within thirty days from the date the Superintendent of jail informs the convict of dismissal of appeal or confirmation of the death sentence.
Q85Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 23 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, the sentence of imprisonment that a Court of a Magistrate of the first class may pass shall not exceed:

aSeven years
bThree years
cTwo years
dOne year
Answer: B
Section 23 BNSS empowers a Magistrate of the first class to pass a sentence of imprisonment not exceeding three years, or fine up to fifty thousand rupees, or both, or community service.
Q86Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Section 176(3) of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 makes it mandatory for a forensic expert to visit the scene of crime and collect forensic evidence (with the process videographed) in respect of an offence punishable with imprisonment for a term of:

aTen years or more
bFive years or more
cSeven years or more
dThree years or more
Answer: C
Section 176(3) BNSS mandates a forensic expert's visit to the crime scene and videography of the collection process where the offence is punishable with seven years' imprisonment or more.
Q87Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the proviso to Section 64 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, a summons bearing the image of the Court's seal may also be served by:

aPublication in the Official Gazette
bAffixation on the courthouse notice board only
cElectronic communication in such form and manner as the State Government may by rules provide
dOral intimation by the investigating officer
Answer: C
The proviso to Section 64 BNSS expressly permits service of a summons bearing the Court's seal through electronic communication in the form and manner prescribed by State Government rules.
Q88Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 187 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, the total period for which detention of an accused in the custody of the police may be authorised is:

aSixty days for offences punishable with imprisonment up to ten years
bA continuous block of fifteen days from the date of first remand only
cThirty days irrespective of the offence
dLimited to fifteen days, but such custody may be sought in parts during the initial forty or sixty days of detention
Answer: D
Under Section 187 BNSS, total police custody cannot exceed fifteen days, but unlike the old CrPC the fifteen days may be sought in parts spread over the initial period of detention (forty or sixty days).
Q89Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 35 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, a police officer may arrest a person without an order from a Magistrate and without a warrant where he has received credible information that such person has committed a cognizable offence. Which of the following statements about Section 35 is INCORRECT?

aA person who commits a cognizable offence in the presence of a police officer may be arrested without warrant
bA police officer must always obtain a Magistrate's warrant before arresting any person for a cognizable offence
cA proclaimed offender may be arrested without warrant
dA person found in possession of stolen property may, in stated circumstances, be arrested without warrant
Answer: B
Section 35 BNSS empowers a police officer to arrest, without a Magistrate's order or warrant, in the circumstances listed (including offence in his presence, proclaimed offender, possession of stolen property). The blanket requirement of a warrant in option (c) is therefore incorrect.
Q90Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 193 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, where the investigation relates to an offence punishable with imprisonment for a term of up to ten years, the police report (charge sheet) is required to be filed, failing which the accused becomes entitled to default bail, within:

aThirty days
bNinety days
cOne hundred and eighty days
dSixty days
Answer: D
Read with Section 187 BNSS, the charge sheet must be filed within sixty days for offences punishable with imprisonment up to ten years, and within ninety days for offences punishable with death, life imprisonment, or more than ten years.
Q91Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, the registration of a First Information Report 'irrespective of the area where the offence is committed' (the statutory recognition of a 'Zero FIR') is provided under -

aSection 175
bSection 190
cSection 154
dSection 173
Answer: D
Section 173(1) BNSS codifies the Zero FIR by allowing information about a cognizable offence to be recorded 'irrespective of the area where the offence is committed', removing the jurisdictional barrier that earlier existed under Section 154 CrPC.
Q92Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 187 of the BNSS, where investigation cannot be completed within 24 hours, the maximum period for which a Magistrate may authorise detention of an accused (police plus judicial custody) before the accused becomes entitled to release on bail in respect of an offence punishable with imprisonment of ten years is -

a120 days
b15 days
c60 days
d90 days
Answer: D
Under Section 187(3) BNSS, default/statutory bail accrues after 90 days for offences punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment of not less than ten years, and 60 days for other offences.
Q93Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

The provision in the BNSS, 2023 enabling inquiry, trial or judgment in absentia of a proclaimed offender who has absconded to evade trial and against whom there is no immediate prospect of arrest, is contained in -

aSection 356
bSection 105
cSection 299
dSection 84
Answer: A
Section 356 BNSS is a new provision permitting trial in absentia of a proclaimed offender, treating prolonged absconding as a waiver of the right to be present, subject to procedural safeguards including assignment of defence counsel at State expense.
Q94Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the proviso to Section 223(1) of the BNSS, 2023, in a complaint case a Magistrate -

ashall take cognizance only after framing of charge
bshall not take cognizance without giving the accused an opportunity of being heard
cmust record the statement of the accused on oath before cognizance
dmay take cognizance without examining the complainant
Answer: B
The first proviso to Section 223(1) BNSS introduces a mandatory pre-cognizance hearing: no cognizance of an offence on a private complaint can be taken without giving the proposed accused an opportunity of being heard - a safeguard absent from Section 200 CrPC.
Q95Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Section 176(3) of the BNSS makes it mandatory for a forensic expert to visit the crime scene to collect forensic evidence and to videograph the process, in respect of offences punishable with imprisonment -

afor seven years or more
bfor life or death only
cfor three years or more
dfor ten years or more
Answer: A
Section 176(3) BNSS requires a forensic expert to visit the scene and collect/videograph forensic evidence for offences punishable with imprisonment of seven years or more, a new feature of the BNSS.
Q96Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

The power of the High Court or Court of Session to grant anticipatory bail - direction for grant of bail to a person apprehending arrest - is now conferred under which section of the BNSS, 2023?

aSection 438
bSection 482
cSection 480
dSection 483
Answer: B
Anticipatory bail, earlier under Section 438 CrPC, is now governed by Section 482 BNSS; regular bail in non-bailable offences falls under Section 480 BNSS.
Q97Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

A judicial confession or statement of a person recorded by a Magistrate during the course of an investigation under the BNSS, 2023 is recorded under -

aSection 187
bSection 164
cSection 180
dSection 183
Answer: D
Section 183 BNSS (corresponding to Section 164 CrPC) empowers a Magistrate to record confessions and statements made in the course of investigation.
Q98Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 35 of the BNSS, 2023, a police officer shall not arrest a person who is infirm or above sixty years of age, in respect of an offence punishable with imprisonment for less than three years, except with the prior permission of an officer not below the rank of -

aInspector General of Police
bDeputy Superintendent of Police
cStation House Officer
dSuperintendent of Police
Answer: B
The proviso to Section 35(7) BNSS bars arrest of an infirm person or one above sixty years, in a case punishable with less than three years' imprisonment, without the prior permission of an officer of or above the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police.
Q99Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 472 of the BNSS, 2023, a convict under sentence of death (or his legal heir or relative) may file a mercy petition before the President or Governor within how many days of being informed by the jail Superintendent of dismissal of his appeal/SLP or confirmation of the death sentence?

a7 days
b30 days
c15 days
d60 days
Answer: B
Section 472 BNSS, a new statutory mercy-petition mechanism, requires the petition to the President (Article 72) or Governor (Article 161) to be filed within thirty days of the relevant intimation by the jail Superintendent.
Q100Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Section 398 of the BNSS, 2023 imposes which obligation on every State Government?

aTo prepare and notify a Witness Protection Scheme
bTo set up a Directorate of Prosecution
cTo maintain a register of habitual offenders
dTo constitute special courts for sexual offences
Answer: A
Section 398 BNSS statutorily mandates every State Government to prepare and notify a Witness Protection Scheme to ensure protection of witnesses, building on the Supreme Court's directions in the Mahender Chawla line of cases.
Q101Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

When information about a non-cognizable offence is given to the officer in charge of a police station, Section 174 of the BNSS, 2023 requires him to -

aregister a regular FIR and investigate without any order
benter the substance in a book, refer the informant to the Magistrate, and forward the daily diary report to the Magistrate
cforward the matter directly to the Court of Session
darrest the accused after recording reasons
Answer: B
Under Section 174 BNSS a police officer cannot investigate a non-cognizable case without a Magistrate's order; he records the substance of the information, refers the informant to the Magistrate and forwards the daily diary report to the Magistrate.
Q102Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the BNSS, 2023, the report (charge-sheet/police report) on completion of investigation is forwarded to the Magistrate empowered to take cognizance under -

aSection 173
bSection 193
cSection 210
dSection 190
Answer: B
Section 193 BNSS (corresponding to Section 173 CrPC) governs the police report submitted on completion of investigation; it also requires the officer to keep the informant/victim updated on the progress of investigation, including by electronic means.
Q103Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

In Lalita Kumari v. Government of Uttar Pradesh, the Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court held that, on information disclosing a cognizable offence -

aa preliminary inquiry is mandatory before registering an FIR
bregistration of an FIR is mandatory and no preliminary inquiry is permissible in such cases
can FIR can be registered only with the Magistrate's prior sanction
dthe police have absolute discretion to refuse registration
Answer: B
Lalita Kumari (2014) 2 SCC 1 held that registration of an FIR is mandatory under Section 154 CrPC (now Section 173 BNSS) if the information discloses a cognizable offence, and no preliminary inquiry is permissible in that situation.
Q104Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 35(3) read with the BNSS, 2023, where a police officer does not arrest the person against whom a reasonable complaint or credible information exists for an offence punishable with imprisonment which may extend to seven years, he is required to -

arelease the suspect on personal bond only
brecord his reasons in writing for not making the arrest
cobtain the Magistrate's prior sanction
drefer the matter to the Superintendent of Police
Answer: B
Mirroring the Arnesh Kumar safeguards, Section 35 BNSS requires the officer to record reasons in writing where, in such offences, he proceeds to arrest, and likewise to record reasons where he chooses not to arrest.
Q105Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the BNSS, 2023, the maximum total period of police custody of fifteen days that a Magistrate may authorise -

ais not available once judicial custody has commenced under any circumstances
bcan never exceed seven days at a stretch
cmay be sought in parts during the initial forty or sixty days of the detention period under Section 187
dmust be availed only within the first fifteen days of remand
Answer: C
Section 187 BNSS allows the fifteen days of police custody to be sought wholly or in parts during the initial portion (40 or 60 days) of the overall 60/90-day detention window, a change from the CrPC scheme where police custody was confined to the first fifteen days.
Q106Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the offence formerly known as 'sedition' has been replaced by Section 152, which is titled:

aAssaulting the President or Governor with intent to compel exercise of power
bCommitting depredation on the territories of a foreign State at peace with India
cActs endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India
dWaging war against the Government of India
Answer: C
Section 152 BNS, titled 'Act endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India', penalises exciting secession, armed rebellion or subversive activities; it replaces the old sedition offence under Section 124A IPC.
Q107Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, 'snatching' has been introduced as a distinct offence under:

aSection 304
bSection 310
cSection 309
dSection 303
Answer: A
Section 304 BNS introduces 'snatching' as a separate offence, defined as suddenly, quickly or forcibly seizing or grabbing moveable property in order to commit theft, punishable with imprisonment up to three years and fine. Section 303 defines theft and Section 309 deals with robbery.
Q108Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, organised crime is dealt with under Section 111, while a 'petty organised crime' is dealt with under:

aSection 110
bSection 112
cSection 114
dSection 113
Answer: B
Section 111 BNS deals with organised crime and Section 112 deals with petty organised crime. Section 113 separately deals with the offence of terrorist act.
Q109Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under Section 20 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, nothing is an offence which is done by a child:

aUnder seven years of age
bUnder twelve years of age
cUnder twelve years of age who has not attained sufficient maturity of understanding
dUnder ten years of age
Answer: A
Section 20 BNS provides absolute immunity for an act done by a child under seven years of age (doli incapax). Section 21 deals with a child above seven and under twelve who has not attained sufficient maturity of understanding.
Q110Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the offence of cheating is defined and punished under:

aSection 320
bSection 322
cSection 318
dSection 316
Answer: C
Section 318 BNS deals with cheating (corresponding to Sections 415 and 417 IPC). Section 316 BNS deals with criminal breach of trust.
Q111Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the offence of defamation is dealt with under:

aSection 351
bSection 358
cSection 354
dSection 356
Answer: D
Section 356 BNS deals with defamation and uniquely provides community service as one of the alternative punishments, in addition to simple imprisonment up to two years or fine.
Q112Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

X, intending to kill Z, fires a shot at Z, who escapes unhurt. Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, X is most appropriately charged under:

aSection 109 (attempt to murder)
bSection 106 (causing death by negligence)
cSection 105 (punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder)
dSection 111 (organised crime)
Answer: A
Section 109 BNS deals with attempt to murder, where a person does an act with such intention or knowledge that, had death been caused, the act would amount to murder. It corresponds to Section 307 IPC.
Q113Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under Section 22 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the general exception relating to mental incapacity uses the expression:

aUnsoundness of mind
bMental illness
cLunacy
dInsanity
Answer: B
Section 22 BNS replaces the older phrase 'unsoundness of mind' (Section 84 IPC) with 'mental illness', exempting an act done by a person who, by reason of mental illness, is incapable of knowing the nature of the act or that it is wrong or contrary to law.
Q114Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, dacoity is committed when the number of persons conjointly committing or attempting to commit a robbery is:

aFive or more
bThree or more
cFour or more
dTwo or more
Answer: A
Under Section 310 BNS, when five or more persons conjointly commit or attempt to commit a robbery, the offence is 'dacoity'. This retains the position under the old Section 391 IPC.
Q115Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the definition of 'culpable homicide' and the definition of 'murder' are contained respectively in:

aSections 99 and 100
bSections 100 and 101
cSections 101 and 103
dSections 103 and 105
Answer: B
Section 100 BNS defines culpable homicide and Section 101 BNS defines murder. These correspond to Sections 299 and 300 IPC respectively.
Q116Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, for a first-time conviction for theft where the value of the stolen property is less than five thousand rupees, the offender, upon return or restoration of the property, shall be punished with:

aImprisonment up to three years
bRigorous imprisonment of not less than one year
cFine only
dCommunity service
Answer: D
The proviso to Section 303(2) BNS provides that in cases of theft where the value of stolen property is less than five thousand rupees and the person is a first-time convict, upon return or restoration of the property, the punishment shall be community service.
Q117Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the punishment for murder is provided in:

aSection 103
bSection 101
cSection 300
dSection 302
Answer: A
Section 101 BNS defines when culpable homicide is murder, while Section 103 BNS prescribes the punishment (death or imprisonment for life and fine), replacing erstwhile Section 302 IPC.
Q118Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Which of the following is a NEW species of punishment introduced for the first time in the list of punishments under Section 4 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023?

aCommunity service
bForfeiture of property
cSolitary confinement
dRigorous imprisonment
Answer: A
Section 4 BNS lists six punishments; community service in clause (f) is a wholly new form of punishment not found in Section 53 of the repealed IPC.
Q119Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

'A', a child aged six years, picks up a costly fountain pen lying on a desk and runs away with it, knowing it does not belong to him. Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, 'A' is:

aNot guilty, only if his immaturity of understanding is separately proved
bGuilty, but entitled to a reduced sentence on account of age
cNot guilty, by reason of Section 20 BNS, the act of a child under seven years of age being no offence
dGuilty of theft, as he knew the pen was not his
Answer: C
Section 20 BNS grants absolute immunity to a child below seven years; no proof of immature understanding is required, unlike Section 21 BNS for children of seven to twelve years.
Q120Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

The offence of 'snatching', made a distinct offence for the first time under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, is dealt with in:

aSection 309
bSection 356
cSection 304
dSection 303
Answer: C
Section 304 BNS defines snatching as theft where the offender suddenly, quickly or forcibly seizes movable property, punishable with imprisonment up to three years and fine; it has no exact predecessor in the IPC.
Q121Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, when a group of five or more persons acting in concert commits murder on the ground of race, caste, sex, place of birth, language or personal belief, the offence (commonly called mob lynching) is punishable under:

aSection 111
bSection 103(2)
cSection 103(1)
dSection 117
Answer: B
Section 103(2) BNS is a new provision punishing such group murder with death or life imprisonment or imprisonment of not less than seven years and fine; there was no corresponding IPC provision.
Q122Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, abetment of suicide is punishable under:

aSection 309
bSection 226
cSection 108
dSection 106
Answer: C
Section 108 BNS punishes abetment of suicide with imprisonment of either description up to ten years and fine, corresponding to Section 306 of the erstwhile IPC.
Q123Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

'X', without any intention to fulfil it, makes a false promise of marriage to 'Y', a woman, and on that basis has sexual intercourse with her, the intercourse not amounting to rape. Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, 'X' is liable under:

aSection 64 (rape)
bSection 84 (enticing a married woman)
cSection 69 (sexual intercourse by employing deceitful means)
dSection 85 (cruelty by husband)
Answer: C
Section 69 BNS is a new provision punishing sexual intercourse obtained by deceitful means or a false promise of marriage (not amounting to rape) with imprisonment up to ten years and fine.
Q124Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the maximum punishment for causing death by a rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide (Section 106) has been:

aMade punishable with life imprisonment
bEnhanced from two years to five years
cRetained at two years as under the IPC
dReduced from five years to two years
Answer: B
Section 106(1) BNS enhances the maximum punishment for causing death by negligence from two years (under Section 304A IPC) to five years, with a higher term where the act is by a registered medical practitioner is separately treated.
Q125Constitution of India

The special provisions with respect to the National Capital Territory of Delhi, including the constitution of a Legislative Assembly for Delhi, are contained in Article 239AA, which was inserted by the:

aSixty-first Amendment, 1989
bForty-second Amendment, 1976
cSixty-ninth Amendment, 1991
dSeventy-third Amendment, 1992
Answer: C
Article 239AA was inserted by the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991, which gave Delhi a Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers, while excluding public order, police and land (Entries 1, 2 and 18 of the State List) from the Assembly's competence.
Q126Constitution of India

Under Article 239AA, the Legislative Assembly of the National Capital Territory of Delhi may make laws with respect to matters in the State List EXCEPT those relating to:

aPublic order, police and land
bPublic health, agriculture and local government
cTrade and commerce, markets and fairs
dPrisons, betting and gambling
Answer: A
Article 239AA(3)(a) excludes Entries 1 (public order), 2 (police) and 18 (land) of the State List, and certain related entries, from the legislative competence of the Delhi Legislative Assembly.
Q127Constitution of India

A dispute between the Government of India and one or more States, involving any question on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends, is decided by the Supreme Court in exercise of its:

aAppellate jurisdiction under Article 133
bAdvisory jurisdiction under Article 143
cWrit jurisdiction under Article 32
dOriginal jurisdiction under Article 131
Answer: D
Article 131 confers exclusive original jurisdiction on the Supreme Court in disputes between the Government of India and one or more States, or between States, on a question on which a legal right depends.
Q128Constitution of India

Which Article empowers a High Court to issue writs not only for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights but also 'for any other purpose', giving it a scope wider in this respect than that of the Supreme Court under Article 32?

aArticle 226
bArticle 235
cArticle 228
dArticle 227
Answer: A
Article 226 empowers every High Court to issue writs for the enforcement of Part III rights 'and for any other purpose', a phrase absent from Article 32, making the High Court's writ jurisdiction wider in scope.
Q129Constitution of India

The provision empowering the President to establish, where it appears to serve the public interest, a Council charged with inquiring into and advising upon disputes and matters of common interest between States, is contained in:

aArticle 263
bArticle 307
cArticle 262
dArticle 280
Answer: A
Article 263 enables the President by order to establish an Inter-State Council to inquire into and advise upon disputes and subjects of common interest between the States, or between the Union and States.
Q130Constitution of India

Under Article 243D of the Constitution, the proportion of seats reserved for women in seats filled by direct election in every Panchayat shall be not less than:

aOne-half of the total number of seats
bOne-fourth of the total number of seats
cOne-third of the total number of seats
dTwo-thirds of the total number of seats
Answer: C
Article 243D(3) provides that not less than one-third of the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in every Panchayat shall be reserved for women (including those reserved for women of the SCs and STs).
Q131Constitution of India

The Directive Principle which directs the State to endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India is contained in:

aArticle 48A
bArticle 43
cArticle 40
dArticle 44
Answer: D
Article 44, a Directive Principle of State Policy, provides that the State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.
Q132Constitution of India

Under Article 312, Parliament may provide for the creation of one or more All India Services common to the Union and the States only if the Council of States passes a resolution to that effect, supported by:

aA majority of the total membership of the House
bThree-fourths of the total membership of the House
cNot less than two-thirds of the members present and voting
dA simple majority of members present and voting
Answer: C
Article 312(1) requires the Rajya Sabha to declare, by a resolution supported by not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting, that it is necessary in the national interest to create such All India Services.
Q133Constitution of India

The adjudication of any dispute or complaint with respect to the use, distribution or control of the waters of any inter-State river or river valley may, by law made by Parliament, be excluded from the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and all other courts. This is provided for in:

aArticle 263
bArticle 246
cArticle 262
dArticle 131
Answer: C
Article 262 empowers Parliament to provide by law for the adjudication of inter-State river water disputes and to bar the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court or any other court in respect of such disputes.
Q134Constitution of India

A resolution for the abolition or creation of a Legislative Council of a State under Article 169 must be passed by the Legislative Assembly of the State by:

aA majority of the total membership of the Assembly only
bNot less than two-thirds of the total membership of the Assembly
cA majority of the total membership of the Assembly and not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting
dA simple majority of the members present and voting
Answer: C
Article 169(1) requires the Assembly to pass the resolution by a majority of its total membership and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting. Such a law is not deemed an amendment under Article 368.
Q135Constitution of India

Under Article 61, a charge for the impeachment of the President is to be 'preferred' by:

aA joint sitting of both Houses
bThe Lok Sabha alone
cEither House of Parliament
dThe Rajya Sabha alone
Answer: C
Under Article 61(1), the charge may be preferred by either House of Parliament; the resolution requires not less than two-thirds of the total membership of that House and 14 days' notice signed by at least one-fourth of its members.
Q136Constitution of India

Where any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of which authority is final?

aThe President of India
bThe Attorney-General for India
cThe Speaker of the House of the People
dThe Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
Answer: C
Under Article 110(3), if any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill, the decision of the Speaker of the House of the People (Lok Sabha) thereon is final.
Q137Constitution of India

An Ordinance promulgated by a Governor under Article 213 during the recess of the State Legislature ceases to operate, unless sooner withdrawn, at the expiration of:

aThree months from the reassembly of the Legislature
bSix months from its promulgation
cSix weeks from its promulgation
dSix weeks from the reassembly of the Legislature
Answer: D
Under Article 213(2)(a), an Ordinance ceases to operate at the expiration of six weeks from the reassembly of the Legislature (or earlier if a disapproving resolution is passed). Where the Houses reassemble on different dates, the period runs from the later date.
Q138Constitution of India

In the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution, 'Public order' and 'Police' fall within:

aThe Union List
bThe State List
cThe Concurrent List
dPublic order in the State List and Police in the Concurrent List
Answer: B
Both subjects are in List II (State List) of the Seventh Schedule: 'Public order' is Entry 1 and 'Police' is Entry 2, making them ordinarily State subjects.
Q139Constitution of India

Article 243-O of the Constitution of India provides for:

aBar to interference by courts in electoral matters relating to Panchayats
bConstitution of Finance Commissions for Panchayats
cPowers and responsibilities of Panchayats
dReservation of seats for women in Panchayats
Answer: A
Article 243-O (inserted by the 73rd Amendment) bars courts from questioning the validity of delimitation laws and provides that no election to a Panchayat shall be questioned except by an election petition.
Q140Constitution of India

The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights conferred by Part III is itself guaranteed as a Fundamental Right under:

aArticle 32
bArticle 226
cArticle 136
dArticle 139
Answer: A
Article 32 guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Part III rights and is itself a Fundamental Right; Dr. Ambedkar called it the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution. Article 226 (High Court writ power) is not a Fundamental Right.
Q141Constitution of India

The President of India may, under Article 143, seek the opinion of the Supreme Court on:

aAny question of law or fact which has arisen or is likely to arise and which is of public importance
bOnly questions concerning the validity of a constitutional amendment
cOnly disputes between the Union and the States
dOnly questions of law already pending before the Supreme Court
Answer: A
Under Article 143(1), the President may refer to the Supreme Court any question of law or fact which has arisen, or is likely to arise, and which is of such a nature and public importance that it is expedient to obtain the Court's opinion.
Q142Constitution of India

Which Constitution (Amendment) Act, establishing the National Judicial Appointments Commission, was struck down by the Supreme Court as violative of the basic structure?

aThe Constitution (97th Amendment) Act
bThe Constitution (102nd Amendment) Act
cThe Constitution (99th Amendment) Act
dThe Constitution (101st Amendment) Act
Answer: C
The 99th Amendment Act and the NJAC Act were struck down in Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India (2015), restoring the collegium system as part of the basic structure (independence of the judiciary).
Q143Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Where a document purporting to be thirty years old is produced from proper custody, the Court may presume that the signature and every other part of it are genuine. Under the BSA, 2023 this presumption is found in:

aSection 92
bSection 90
cSection 104
dSection 78
Answer: A
Section 92 of the BSA, 2023 (old Section 90) provides the discretionary presumption as to documents thirty years old produced from proper custody.
Q144Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the BSA, 2023, the admissibility of an electronic or digital record as evidence, treating such record as a 'document', is governed by:

aSection 39(2)
bSection 74
cSection 57 only
dSection 61 read with Section 63
Answer: D
Section 61 of the BSA, 2023 provides that electronic or digital records shall not be denied admissibility merely on the ground that they are electronic, and Section 63 (old Section 65B) lays down the conditions for admissibility of electronic records.
Q145Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA)

Under Section 23(2) of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, a confession made by a person while in police custody is not provable against him unless it is made:

aafter a warning by the investigating officer
bin the presence of two independent witnesses
cin writing and signed by the accused
din the immediate presence of a Magistrate
Answer: D
Section 23(2) of the BSA permits proof of a custodial confession only where it is made in the immediate presence of a Magistrate; its proviso separately preserves the discovery-of-fact rule (old Section 27 IEA), allowing so much of the information as distinctly relates to a fact discovered to be proved.
Q146Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Statements made by a person as to the cause of his death, or as to the circumstances of the transaction resulting in his death (the dying declaration), are made relevant under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 by:

aSection 39
bSection 26
cSection 32
dSection 23
Answer: B
Section 26 of the BSA deals with statements of persons who cannot be called as witnesses, including dying declarations; it corresponds to Section 32 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
Q147Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

When the Court has to form an opinion upon a point of science or art, or as to identity of handwriting or finger impressions, the opinion of a person specially skilled therein is relevant. Such a person is called an expert under:

aSection 47 of the BSA
bSection 39 of the BSA
cSection 45 of the BSA
dSection 51 of the BSA
Answer: B
Section 39 of the BSA makes opinions of experts relevant, corresponding to Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
Q148Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, an accomplice shall be a competent witness against an accused person, and a conviction is not illegal merely because it proceeds upon the corroborated testimony of an accomplice. This provision is:

aSection 133
bSection 118
cSection 138
dSection 114
Answer: C
Section 138 of the BSA, 2023 declares an accomplice a competent witness and provides that a conviction is not illegal if it proceeds upon the 'corroborated' testimony of an accomplice (the enacted BSA wording, departing from 'uncorroborated' in Section 133 of the old Indian Evidence Act, 1872).
Q149Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

The presumption that a person has caused a dowry death where it is shown that soon before her death the woman was subjected to cruelty or harassment in connection with a demand for dowry is contained in which provision of the BSA, and is it a 'may presume' or 'shall presume' provision?

aSection 116 — the Court shall presume
bSection 119 — the Court may presume
cSection 118 — the Court shall presume
dSection 117 — the Court may presume
Answer: C
Section 118 of the BSA provides that the Court shall presume dowry death in such circumstances; 'dowry death' carries the meaning assigned in Section 80 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.
Q150Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Where a woman is shown to have committed suicide within seven years of her marriage and to have been subjected to cruelty by her husband or his relative, the Court is empowered under Section 117 of the BSA to:

aconclusively presume abetment of suicide
bshall presume abetment of suicide
cmay presume that such suicide had been abetted by the husband or relative
dpresume nothing in the absence of a dying declaration
Answer: C
Section 117 of the BSA is a discretionary 'may presume' provision regarding abetment of suicide of a married woman, having regard to all the other circumstances of the case, unlike the mandatory dowry-death presumption in Section 118.
Q151Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, the doctrine of estoppel — that a person who by his declaration, act or omission has intentionally caused another to believe a thing to be true and to act upon it cannot later deny its truth — is enacted in:

aSection 121
bSection 115
cSection 123
dSection 116
Answer: A
Section 121 of the BSA codifies estoppel, corresponding to Section 115 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
Q152Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, a leading question — one that suggests the answer which the person putting it wishes or expects to receive — is defined and regulated under:

aSection 119
bSection 143
cSection 141
dSection 146
Answer: D
Section 146 of the BSA defines a leading question and provides that it may not, save certain exceptions, be asked in examination-in-chief or re-examination but is permissible in cross-examination.
Q153Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

The rule that the burden of proving a fact especially within the knowledge of a person lies upon that person is contained in which section of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023?

aSection 104
bSection 109
cSection 106
dSection 105
Answer: B
Section 109 of the BSA places the burden of proving a fact especially within a person's knowledge upon that person, corresponding to Section 106 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
Q154Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, the general rule that whoever desires a Court to give judgment as to a legal right or liability dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts must prove that those facts exist is stated in:

aSection 106 of the BSA
bSection 104 of the BSA
cSection 101 (Section 104 BSA)
dSection 105 of the BSA
Answer: B
Section 104 of the BSA lays down the burden of proof, corresponding to Section 101 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872; the distinct rule on who bears the burden (he who would fail if no evidence were given) is in Section 105.
Q155Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, where the question is whether a person born during the continuance of a valid marriage between his mother and any man is the legitimate child of that man, such birth is:

aconclusive proof of legitimacy under Section 116, unless non-access is shown
bconclusive proof under Section 112 of the BSA
cmerely a relevant fact under Section 116
da rebuttable 'may presume' fact under Section 117
Answer: A
Section 116 of the BSA makes birth during a valid marriage (or within 280 days of its dissolution, the mother remaining unmarried) conclusive proof of legitimacy, unless it is shown the parties had no access to each other when the child could have been begotten.
Q156Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, which of the following correctly states the provisions for primary and secondary evidence respectively?

aSection 57 (primary) and Section 58 (secondary)
bSection 61 (primary) and Section 63 (secondary)
cSection 58 (primary) and Section 59 (secondary)
dSection 62 (primary) and Section 65 (secondary)
Answer: A
Under the BSA, Section 57 defines primary evidence and Section 58 defines secondary evidence, corresponding to Sections 62 and 63 respectively of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
Q157Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, the admissibility of an electronic or digital record produced through a computer or communication device, supported by the prescribed certificate, is principally governed by:

aSections 65A and 65B
bSections 57 and 58
cSections 85 and 88
dSections 61 and 63
Answer: D
Section 61 of the BSA prevents denial of admissibility merely because a record is electronic, and Section 63 governs admissibility of electronic records with a certificate, mirroring (and widening) the erstwhile Sections 65A and 65B of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
Q158Arbitration & Conciliation Act

An application for setting aside an arbitral award under Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 may not be made after three months from receipt of the award; however, the Court may, on sufficient cause, entertain it within a further period of:

aThirty days but not thereafter
bNinety days but not thereafter
cSixty days but not thereafter
dSuch period as the Court thinks fit, without any outer limit
Answer: A
The proviso to Section 34(3) allows the Court, if satisfied that the applicant was prevented by sufficient cause, to entertain the application within a further period of thirty days, but not thereafter.
Q159Arbitration & Conciliation Act

A request to the arbitral tribunal to correct any computation, clerical or typographical error in an arbitral award must, under Section 33 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, be made (unless another period is agreed) within:

aSixty days from receipt of the award
bFifteen days from receipt of the award
cThirty days from receipt of the award
dThree months from receipt of the award
Answer: C
Section 33(1) provides that, within thirty days from receipt of the award (unless another period is agreed), a party may request the tribunal to correct computation, clerical or typographical errors.
Q160Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Under Section 29A of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, in matters other than international commercial arbitration, the award shall be made within twelve months from the date of completion of pleadings, and this period may be extended by the parties' consent by a further period not exceeding:

aTwelve months
bSix months
cThree months
dNine months
Answer: B
Section 29A permits the parties, by consent, to extend the twelve-month period for making the award by a further period not exceeding six months; any extension beyond that requires the Court.
Q161Arbitration & Conciliation Act

A party who seeks reference of the parties to arbitration under Section 8 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 must apply to the judicial authority:

aNot later than the date of submitting his first statement on the substance of the dispute
bAt any stage before final judgment in the suit
cWithin thirty days of being served with summons
dOnly after filing his written statement on the merits
Answer: A
Section 8(1) requires the application referring the parties to arbitration to be made not later than the date of submitting the first statement on the substance of the dispute.
Q162Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Which Section of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 provides that an arbitral award shall be enforced in the same manner as if it were a decree of the Court?

aSection 37
bSection 36
cSection 35
dSection 34
Answer: B
Section 36 provides that where the time for making an application to set aside the award under Section 34 has expired, the award shall be enforced in accordance with the provisions of the CPC in the same manner as if it were a decree of the Court.
Q163Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Under Section 31 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, after the arbitral award is made:

aThe award shall be published in the Official Gazette
bAn unsigned draft shall first be circulated for objections
cA signed copy shall be delivered to each party
dThe original award shall be filed with the Court for confirmation
Answer: C
Section 31(5) provides that after the arbitral award is made, a signed copy shall be delivered to each party.
Q164Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Conciliation proceedings under Part III of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 commence, under Section 62, when:

aThe other party accepts in writing the invitation to conciliate
bA conciliator is appointed by both parties
cThe first joint meeting of the parties is held
dOne party sends a written invitation to conciliate to the other
Answer: A
Under Section 62, the party initiating conciliation sends a written invitation; conciliation proceedings commence when the other party accepts in writing the invitation to conciliate.
Q165Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Section 63 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 provides that, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, there shall be:

aSuch number of conciliators as the Court may appoint
bThree conciliators
cOne conciliator
dTwo conciliators
Answer: C
Section 63(1) provides that there shall be one conciliator unless the parties agree that there shall be two or three conciliators.
Q166Arbitration & Conciliation Act

A settlement agreement drawn up and signed in conciliation proceedings under Section 73 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996:

aIs merely recommendatory and not binding on the parties
bIs final and binding on the parties and persons claiming under them
cOperates only as evidence of an admission in subsequent litigation
dRequires confirmation by the Court before it takes effect
Answer: B
Section 73(3) provides that when the parties sign the settlement agreement, it shall be final and binding on the parties and persons claiming under them respectively; under Section 74 it has the status of an arbitral award.
Q167Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Under Section 80 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the conciliator:

aShall not act as an arbitrator or as a representative or counsel of a party in any arbitral or judicial proceeding in respect of the dispute
bMay be presented by either party as a witness in subsequent arbitration
cShall automatically be appointed as the sole arbitrator if conciliation fails
dShall act as the presiding arbitrator in any later arbitral tribunal
Answer: A
Section 80 provides that, unless otherwise agreed, the conciliator shall not act as an arbitrator or as a representative or counsel of a party in any arbitral or judicial proceeding in respect of the dispute that is the subject of conciliation, nor be presented as a witness.
Q168Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Under Section 7 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, an arbitration agreement is deemed to be in writing in which of the following situations?

aWhere it is contained in an oral understanding subsequently acted upon by the parties
bOnly where it is registered under the Registration Act, 1908
cOnly where it is contained in a single document signed by both parties
dWhere it is contained in an exchange of letters, telex, telegrams or other means of telecommunication including communication through electronic means which provide a record of the agreement
Answer: D
Section 7(4) expressly recognises an exchange of letters, telex, telegrams or other telecommunication (including electronic means) providing a record of the agreement as a written arbitration agreement; a single signed document is only one of several modes, and registration is not required.
Q169Indian Contract Act

Under Section 172 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the bailment of goods as security for payment of a debt or performance of a promise is called:

aHypothecation
bPledge
cMortgage
dLien
Answer: B
Section 172 defines 'pledge' as the bailment of goods as security for payment of a debt or performance of a promise; the bailor is the pawnor and the bailee the pawnee.
Q170Indian Contract Act

The general lien available, in the absence of a contract to the contrary, to bankers, factors, wharfingers, attorneys of a High Court and policy-brokers is conferred by:

aSection 170 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872
bSection 174 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872
cSection 171 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872
dSection 148 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872
Answer: C
Section 171 confers a general lien on bankers, factors, wharfingers, attorneys of a High Court and policy-brokers, while Section 170 deals only with the particular lien of a bailee.
Q171Indian Contract Act

Under Section 56 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, an agreement to do an act impossible in itself is:

aEnforceable on payment of compensation
bVoid
cVoidable at the option of the promisee
dValid but unenforceable
Answer: B
The first paragraph of Section 56 lays down that an agreement to do an act impossible in itself is void.
Q172Indian Contract Act

When an agreement is discovered to be void, or a contract becomes void, the person who has received any advantage under it is bound to restore it or to make compensation for it, under:

aSection 64 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872
bSection 73 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872
cSection 65 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872
dSection 70 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872
Answer: C
Section 65 provides that when an agreement is discovered to be void, or a contract becomes void, any person who received an advantage under it must restore it or compensate the person from whom he received it.
Q173Indian Contract Act

Where necessaries are supplied to a person incapable of contracting, such as a minor or a lunatic, the supplier is entitled to be reimbursed from the property of such incapable person. This rule is contained in:

aSection 69 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872
bSection 70 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872
cSection 71 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872
dSection 68 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872
Answer: D
Section 68 entitles a person who supplies necessaries to one incapable of contracting (or to those whom that person is bound to support) to be reimbursed from the property of such incapable person; no personal liability is imposed on the incapable person.
Q174Indian Contract Act

Under Section 230 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the general rule is that an agent acting for a disclosed principal:

aCan personally enforce and is personally bound by contracts entered into on behalf of the principal
bIs jointly and severally liable with the principal in every case
cCannot, in the absence of a contract to that effect, personally enforce, nor is personally bound by, such contracts
dIs always personally bound but can never personally enforce such contracts
Answer: C
Section 230 provides that, in the absence of a contract to that effect, an agent can neither personally enforce contracts entered into on behalf of his principal nor is personally bound by them, subject to the presumed exceptions stated in the section.
Q175Indian Contract Act

A contract caused by coercion, undue influence, fraud or misrepresentation is, under the Indian Contract Act, 1872:

aValid and binding on both parties
bIllegal and unenforceable by either party
cVoidable at the option of the party whose consent was so caused
dVoid ab initio
Answer: C
Consent obtained by coercion, undue influence, fraud or misrepresentation is not 'free consent', and Section 19/19A make such a contract voidable at the option of the party whose consent was so caused.
Q176Indian Contract Act

Under Section 201 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, an agency is NOT terminated by:

aThe principal revoking his authority
bThe principal being adjudicated an insolvent
cA mere temporary illness of the agent not amounting to unsoundness of mind
dThe agent renouncing the business of the agency
Answer: C
Section 201 lists the modes of termination of agency: revocation by principal, renunciation by agent, completion of business, death or unsoundness of mind of either party, and insolvency of the principal. A temporary illness short of unsoundness of mind is not a listed mode.
Q177Indian Contract Act

Under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the delivery of goods by one person to another for some purpose, upon a contract that they shall be returned or otherwise disposed of according to the directions of the person delivering them when the purpose is accomplished, is defined as:

aLien under Section 170
bPledge under Section 172
cIndemnity under Section 124
dBailment under Section 148
Answer: D
Section 148 defines 'bailment' as the delivery of goods by one person (the bailor) to another (the bailee) for some purpose, upon a contract that they shall be returned or otherwise disposed of as directed once the purpose is accomplished.
Q178Limitation Act

Where the prescribed period for a suit expires on a day when the court is closed, Section 4 of the Limitation Act, 1963 provides that the suit may be instituted:

aWithin thirty days of reopening, with leave of the court
bOn the last working day immediately preceding the closure
cOnly after obtaining condonation of delay under Section 5
dOn the day the court reopens
Answer: D
Section 4 provides that when the period of limitation expires on a day the court is closed, the suit, appeal or application may be instituted on the day the court reopens.
Q179Limitation Act

Under Article 65 of the Schedule to the Limitation Act, 1963, the period of limitation for a suit for possession of immovable property or any interest therein based on title is:

aThirty years
bSix years
cTwelve years
dThree years
Answer: C
Article 65 prescribes twelve years for a suit for possession of immovable property based on title, computed from when the defendant's possession becomes adverse to the plaintiff.
Q180Limitation Act

A suit for specific performance of a contract falls under Article 54 of the Schedule to the Limitation Act, 1963. The limitation period of three years is computed from:

aThe date on which possession is delivered to the plaintiff
bThe date the plaintiff first demands performance
cThe date the contract is executed
dThe date fixed for performance, or, if no such date is fixed, when the plaintiff has notice that performance is refused
Answer: D
Article 54 prescribes three years from the date fixed for performance; where no such date is fixed, time runs from when the plaintiff has notice that performance is refused.
Q181Limitation Act

Under Article 58 of the Schedule to the Limitation Act, 1963, a suit to obtain any other (residuary) declaration must be filed within three years from:

aWhen the right to sue last accrues
bThe date the defendant denies the plaintiff's title
cWhen the right to sue first accrues
dThe date of the plaintiff's first knowledge of the cause of action in full
Answer: C
Article 58 prescribes three years from when the right to sue first accrues; the Supreme Court has held the period runs from the first accrual, not full knowledge.
Q182Limitation Act

For a suit or application for which no period of limitation is provided elsewhere in the Schedule, the residuary Articles 113 (suits) and 137 (applications) of the Limitation Act, 1963 prescribe a period of:

aOne year
bTwelve years
cThree years
dSix years
Answer: C
Article 113 (residuary suits) and Article 137 (residuary applications) each prescribe three years as the period of limitation.
Q183Limitation Act

In computing the period of limitation for an appeal under Section 12(2) of the Limitation Act, 1963, which of the following is excluded?

aThe time requisite for obtaining a copy of the decree, sentence or order appealed from
bThe period during which the appellant was outside India
cThe vacation period of the appellate court only
dThe time spent in seeking legal advice on the merits of the appeal
Answer: A
Section 12(2) excludes the day the period is reckoned from and the time requisite for obtaining a copy of the decree, sentence or order appealed from.
Q184Limitation Act

Where a suit is based on the fraud of the defendant, Section 17 of the Limitation Act, 1963 provides that the period of limitation does not begin to run until:

aThe plaintiff suffers actual monetary loss
bThe fraud is, or with reasonable diligence could have been, discovered by the plaintiff
cThe defendant admits the fraud in writing
dA criminal complaint in respect of the fraud is registered
Answer: B
Under Section 17, where the suit is founded on fraud or mistake, time runs from when the plaintiff discovered, or could with reasonable diligence have discovered, the fraud or mistake.
Q185Limitation Act

For an acknowledgment of liability to furnish a fresh period of limitation under Section 18 of the Limitation Act, 1963, it must be:

aIn writing and signed, made before the expiration of the prescribed period
bIn writing, made within three years after expiry of the prescribed period
cRegistered before a sub-registrar irrespective of the date
dMade orally before two witnesses at any time
Answer: A
Section 18 requires the acknowledgment of liability to be in writing and signed by the party (or its agent), made before the expiration of the prescribed period; a fresh period then runs from the date of acknowledgment.
Q186Specific Relief Act

A suit instituted under Section 6 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 to recover possession:

aMay be brought against the Government, and an appeal lies from the decree
bBars the unsuccessful party from later establishing title in a regular suit
cCannot be brought against the Government, and no appeal or review lies from the order or decree
dRequires the plaintiff to prove a better title than the defendant
Answer: C
Section 6(2)(b) bars a suit against the Government, and Section 6(3) bars any appeal or review from a decree passed under this section. The summary remedy turns only on prior possession, not title.
Q187Specific Relief Act

After the Specific Relief (Amendment) Act, 2018, the grant of specific performance of a contract under Section 10 has become:

aAvailable only to contracts relating to immovable property
bA general rule, the court enforcing it subject to Sections 11(2), 14 and 16
cAvailable only where monetary compensation is shown to be inadequate
dPurely discretionary, to be granted only in exceptional cases
Answer: B
The substituted Section 10 provides that specific performance 'shall be enforced' by the court, subject to Section 11(2), Section 14 and Section 16, removing the earlier discretionary 'adequacy of compensation' test.
Q188Specific Relief Act

Which of the following, after the 2018 amendment, is NOT among the contracts that cannot be specifically enforced under Section 14 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963?

aA contract which is in its nature determinable
bA contract for which the aggrieved party has obtained substituted performance under Section 20
cA contract whose performance involves a continuous duty which the court cannot supervise
dA contract for the sale of immovable property of which the plaintiff is in possession
Answer: D
Amended Section 14 lists only four classes of non-enforceable contracts: substituted performance obtained, continuous duty needing supervision, dependence on personal qualifications, and determinable contracts. A sale of immovable property is specifically enforceable.
Q189Specific Relief Act

The newly inserted Section 14A of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 empowers the court, in any suit under the Act, to:

aEngage one or more experts to assist on any specific issue involved in the suit
bAppoint a receiver of the suit property without notice
cAward punitive damages against the defaulting party
dRefer the dispute compulsorily to arbitration
Answer: A
Section 14A, inserted by the 2018 amendment, allows the court to engage experts on a specific issue, secure their attendance and seek their opinion; the expert's report forms part of the record.
Q190Commercial Courts Act, 2015

Under Section 10 of the Commercial Courts Act, 2015, applications and appeals arising out of an arbitration other than an international commercial arbitration, which would ordinarily lie before a principal civil court of original jurisdiction in a district (not being a High Court), shall be filed in and disposed of by:

aThe Commercial Court exercising territorial jurisdiction over the arbitration, where constituted
bThe Commercial Appellate Division
cThe court of the District Magistrate
dThe Commercial Division of the High Court
Answer: A
Section 10(3) directs such domestic arbitration matters to the Commercial Court exercising territorial jurisdiction over the arbitration, where a Commercial Court has been constituted.
Q191Commercial Courts Act, 2015

Under Section 12 of the Commercial Courts Act, 2015, for determining whether an arbitration is subject to the jurisdiction of a Commercial Court or Commercial Division, the Specified Value is based on:

aThe aggregate value of the claim and the counter-claim, if any
bThe value of the claim alone, excluding any counter-claim
cThe value of the counter-claim alone
dTwice the value of the claim
Answer: A
Section 12 provides that the aggregate value of the claim and the counter-claim, if any, set out in the statement of claim and counter-claim, is the basis for determining the Specified Value in an arbitration of a commercial dispute.
Q192Commercial Courts Act, 2015

Section 15 of the Commercial Courts Act, 2015 principally deals with which of the following?

aThe constitution of Commercial Appellate Courts
bThe procedure for pre-institution mediation
cThe infrastructure and training of Commercial Court judges
dThe transfer of pending suits and applications of a commercial nature to the Commercial Courts or Commercial Divisions
Answer: D
Section 15 provides for the transfer of pending suits and applications (including arbitration applications) relating to a commercial dispute of Specified Value to the relevant Commercial Court or Commercial Division.
Q193Partnership / LLP Act

Save as otherwise provided, the provisions of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 in relation to a limited liability partnership:

aApply only on the winding up of the LLP
bShall not apply
cApply in full
dApply only to the rights of partners inter se
Answer: B
Section 4 of the LLP Act, 2008 provides that, save as otherwise provided, the provisions of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 shall not apply to a limited liability partnership.
Q194Partnership / LLP Act

Under the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008, every limited liability partnership must have at least:

aTwo designated partners who are individuals, at least one of whom is a resident in India
bOne designated partner who is a resident in India
cThree designated partners, one of whom must be a body corporate
dTwo designated partners, both of whom must be residents in India
Answer: A
Section 7 of the LLP Act, 2008 requires every LLP to have at least two designated partners who are individuals, and at least one of them must be a resident in India.
Q195Partnership / LLP Act

If the number of partners of a limited liability partnership is reduced below two and it carries on business for more than six months while so reduced, the sole continuing partner who knows the fact:

aAutomatically converts the LLP into a sole proprietorship without liability
bIs liable only to the extent of his agreed contribution
cContinues to enjoy full limited liability protection
dIs personally liable for the obligations of the LLP incurred during that period
Answer: D
Section 6 of the LLP Act, 2008 makes the sole continuing partner, who carries on business for more than six months with knowledge that he is the only partner, personally liable for the LLP's obligations incurred during that period.
Q196POCSO Act

Under Section 21 of the POCSO Act, a person (not being in charge of an institution) who fails to report the commission of an offence which he has knowledge of, as required under Section 19, is liable to imprisonment which may extend to:

aSix months
bOne year
cTwo years
dThree months
Answer: A
Section 21(1) provides imprisonment which may extend to six months, or fine, or both, for failure to report or record an offence under Section 19 or 20.
Q197POCSO Act

Which of the following is correct regarding the obligation to report offences under Section 19 of the POCSO Act?

aOnly a registered medical practitioner may report an offence
bAny person who has apprehension that an offence is likely to be committed or knowledge that it has been committed shall report it
cOnly a police officer is empowered to report an offence
dReporting can be made only by the parents of the child
Answer: B
Section 19 casts a duty on any person, including the child, who apprehends that an offence is likely to be or has been committed, to report it to the Special Juvenile Police Unit or local police.
Q198Transfer of Property / Property Law / Easements

A condition annexed to a transfer of property which absolutely restrains the transferee from parting with or disposing of his interest in the property is, under Section 10 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882:

aValid in all cases
bValid only if the restraint is for a fixed period not exceeding the perpetuity period
cVoidable at the option of the transferor
dVoid, except in the case of a lease and a transfer to or for the benefit of a married woman as therein specified
Answer: D
Section 10 makes an absolute restraint on alienation void, being against public policy of free circulation of property. The section itself carves out two exceptions: the case of a lease, and a condition for the benefit of a married woman (not being a Hindu, Muhammadan or Buddhist).

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