Delhi Judiciary · Prelims Mock Test 4

Delhi Judiciary Mock Test 4 — Questions & Solutions

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Q1General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Which team won the ICC Champions Trophy 2025, defeating New Zealand in the final at Dubai?

aAustralia
bEngland
cIndia
dSouth Africa
Answer: C
India beat New Zealand by four wickets in the final played at the Dubai International Cricket Stadium on 9 March 2025, claiming their third Champions Trophy title and finishing the tournament unbeaten.
Q2General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The Nobel Peace Prize for 2025 was awarded to Maria Corina Machado, an opposition leader of which country?

aVenezuela
bCuba
cColombia
dNicaragua
Answer: A
The Norwegian Nobel Committee awarded the 2025 Peace Prize to Venezuelan opposition leader Maria Corina Machado for her work promoting democratic rights and a peaceful transition to democracy in Venezuela.
Q3General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Justice M. Fathima Beevi holds the distinction of being the first woman to be appointed as a judge of which institution in India?

aThe Central Administrative Tribunal
bThe Delhi High Court
cThe National Human Rights Commission
dThe Supreme Court of India
Answer: D
Justice M. Fathima Beevi was elevated to the Supreme Court of India in October 1989, becoming the first woman judge of the Supreme Court; she later served as Governor of Tamil Nadu.
Q4General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

In jurisprudence, the theory that law is the 'command of the sovereign backed by sanction' is most closely associated with which jurist?

aHans Kelsen
bFriedrich Carl von Savigny
cRoscoe Pound
dJohn Austin
Answer: D
John Austin, the father of the Analytical School (legal positivism), defined law as the command of a determinate sovereign enforced by sanction, distinguishing positive law from morality.
Q5General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The maxim 'res ipsa loquitur', frequently invoked in the law of torts (negligence), literally means:

aThe thing speaks for itself
bLet the buyer beware
cAn act does not make one guilty unless the mind is guilty
dThe thing has been adjudged
Answer: A
'Res ipsa loquitur' means 'the thing speaks for itself'; it allows an inference of negligence from the very nature of an accident, shifting the burden to the defendant to disprove negligence.
Q6General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Under the Constitution of India, the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India is appointed by the President under which Article?

aArticle 280
bArticle 76
cArticle 148
dArticle 124
Answer: C
Article 148 provides for the office of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, who is appointed by the President and can be removed only in the manner prescribed for a Supreme Court judge.
Q7General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Choose the word most nearly SIMILAR in meaning to 'PERFIDIOUS':

aCautious
bFaithful
cGenerous
dTreacherous
Answer: D
'Perfidious' means deceitful and untrustworthy, i.e., treacherous; the antonym would be 'faithful' or 'loyal'.
Q8General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

A person who is appointed to investigate and address complaints of maladministration, especially of public authorities, is called:

aAn Ombudsman
bAn Amicus Curiae
cAn Arbitrator
dA Receiver
Answer: A
An Ombudsman is an official appointed to investigate individuals' complaints against maladministration by public bodies; in India the institution is reflected in the Lokpal and Lokayuktas.
Q9General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

If in a certain code 'COURT' is written as 'DPVSU', then how would 'JUDGE' be written in the same code?

aKVDHF
bIVEHF
cKVEHF
dKWEHF
Answer: C
Each letter is shifted one place forward in the alphabet (C->D, O->P, etc.). Applying the same to JUDGE gives K, V, E, H, F = KVEHF.
Q10General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

A father is presently three times as old as his son. After 12 years, the father will be twice as old as his son. What is the son's present age?

a14 years
b12 years
c10 years
d16 years
Answer: B
Let the son's age be x, so the father's age is 3x. After 12 years: 3x + 12 = 2(x + 12), giving x = 12. So the son is 12 years old.
Q11General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The Konark Sun Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site shaped like a colossal chariot, is located in which State?

aBihar
bWest Bengal
cOdisha
dAndhra Pradesh
Answer: C
The 13th-century Konark Sun Temple, built by King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga dynasty, is situated at Konark in Odisha and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Q12General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Choose the correctly punctuated and grammatically correct sentence:

aNeither the judge or the lawyers were ready to proceed.
bNeither the judge nor the lawyers was ready to proceed.
cNeither the judge nor the lawyers were ready to proceed.
dNeither the judge nor the lawyers is ready to proceed.
Answer: C
With 'neither...nor', the verb agrees with the nearer subject ('lawyers', plural), so 'were' is correct; the correlative pair must be 'neither...nor', not 'neither...or'.
Q13General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Justice Surya Kant assumed office in November 2025 as the Chief Justice of India. He is the:

a51st Chief Justice of India
b54th Chief Justice of India
c53rd Chief Justice of India
d52nd Chief Justice of India
Answer: C
Justice Surya Kant took oath as the 53rd Chief Justice of India on 24 November 2025, succeeding CJI B.R. Gavai. His tenure runs until 9 February 2027.
Q14General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Who was sworn in as the 15th Vice-President of India in September 2025?

aC. P. Radhakrishnan
bVenkaiah Naidu
cB. Sudershan Reddy
dJagdeep Dhankhar
Answer: A
C. P. Radhakrishnan was elected and sworn in as the 15th Vice-President of India on 12 September 2025, succeeding Jagdeep Dhankhar, who had resigned.
Q15General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Who continues to hold the office of Attorney General for India after a re-appointment effective from 1 October 2025?

aMukul Rohatgi
bTushar Mehta
cR. Venkataramani
dK. K. Venugopal
Answer: C
R. Venkataramani, who first assumed office in 2022, was re-appointed Attorney General for India for a further two-year term effective 1 October 2025.
Q16General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The Booker Prize 2025 for fiction was awarded to the novel 'Flesh', written by:

aBanu Mushtaq
bSamantha Harvey
cDavid Szalay
dPaul Lynch
Answer: C
David Szalay won the 2025 Booker Prize for his novel 'Flesh', a spare-prose account of an emotionally detached man's life across decades.
Q17General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

In jurisprudence, the maxim 'actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea' means that:

aThe act itself does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty
bAn act of the court shall prejudice no one
cAn act done by many is the act of one
dNo one can transfer a better title than he himself has
Answer: A
The maxim expresses the requirement of mens rea: an act does not render a person criminally liable unless accompanied by a guilty mind. It is the foundation of criminal liability.
Q18General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The maxim 'res ipsa loquitur', frequently invoked in the law of torts, means:

aLet the buyer beware
bThe thing speaks for itself
cFrom an unjust cause no action arises
dA matter already adjudged
Answer: B
'Res ipsa loquitur' means 'the thing speaks for itself' and permits an inference of negligence from the mere happening of an accident where the cause was under the defendant's control.
Q19General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

According to Salmond, the chief end or purpose of law and of the State is the administration of justice, which he classified primarily into:

aPublic and private justice
bDistributive and corrective justice
cCivil and criminal justice
dSubstantive and procedural justice
Answer: C
Salmond classified the administration of justice into civil justice (concerned with private wrongs and enforcement of rights) and criminal justice (concerned with public wrongs and their punishment).
Q20General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Choose the word most nearly OPPOSITE in meaning to 'EXCULPATE':

aAbsolve
bIncriminate
cAcquit
dPardon
Answer: B
'Exculpate' means to clear from blame or guilt; its antonym is 'incriminate', meaning to charge with or show involvement in a wrong. Pardon, acquit and absolve are synonyms.
Q21General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

In a certain code, if FACT is written as GBDU, then how is WORD written in the same code?

aVNQC
bXPTE
cXQSE
dXPSE
Answer: D
Each letter is shifted one place forward in the alphabet (F to G, A to B, C to D, T to U). Applying the same rule to WORD gives X, P, S, E, i.e., XPSE.
Q22General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

A sum of money becomes Rs. 12,000 in 2 years and Rs. 13,500 in 3 years at simple interest. What is the principal?

aRs. 9,500
bRs. 9,000
cRs. 10,500
dRs. 10,000
Answer: B
The interest for one year is Rs. 13,500 - Rs. 12,000 = Rs. 1,500. Interest for 2 years is Rs. 3,000, so the principal is Rs. 12,000 - Rs. 3,000 = Rs. 9,000.
Q23General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Select the option that correctly completes the sentence: 'No sooner ____ the bell rung than the students rushed out of the classroom.'

ahad
bwas
cdid
dhas
Answer: A
The correlative 'No sooner ... than' takes the past perfect with inversion: 'No sooner had the bell rung than ...'. 'Did' would require 'No sooner did ... than the students rush', not 'rung'.
Q24General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Find the missing number in the series: 3, 6, 11, 18, 27, ?

a38
b36
c40
d42
Answer: A
The differences between consecutive terms are 3, 5, 7, 9, i.e., successive odd numbers. The next difference is 11, so 27 + 11 = 38.
Q25General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, which replaced the Indian Penal Code, 1860, came into force on:

a15th August 2023
b1st July 2024
c1st January 2025
d26th January 2024
Answer: B
The three new criminal laws, including the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, came into force on 1 July 2024, replacing the IPC, CrPC and Indian Evidence Act respectively.
Q26General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

Who took oath as the 53rd Chief Justice of India in November 2025?

aJustice Sanjiv Khanna
bJustice Surya Kant
cJustice D. Y. Chandrachud
dJustice B. R. Gavai
Answer: B
Justice Surya Kant was sworn in as the 53rd Chief Justice of India on 24 November 2025, succeeding CJI B. R. Gavai.
Q27General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The legal maxim 'actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea' means:

aA thing decided must be treated as settled
bNo one can be a judge in his own cause
cLet the buyer beware
dAn act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty
Answer: D
The maxim expresses the requirement of both a guilty act (actus reus) and a guilty mind (mens rea) for criminal liability.
Q28General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

The Constitution (106th Amendment) Act, 2023, popularly called the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, provides reservation for women to the extent of:

aOne-half of the total seats
bOne-fifth of the total seats
cOne-third of the total seats
dOne-fourth of the total seats
Answer: C
The 106th Amendment reserves one-third (33%) of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies, including within seats reserved for SCs and STs.
Q29General Knowledge / Current Legal Affairs / Aptitude (incl. jurisprudence, legal maxims)

India became the first country in the world to soft-land a spacecraft near the south pole of the Moon when, on 23 August 2023, the Vikram lander of which mission touched down?

aAditya-L1
bChandrayaan-3
cMangalyaan
dChandrayaan-2
Answer: B
Chandrayaan-3's Vikram lander soft-landed near the lunar south pole on 23 August 2023, making India the first nation to achieve a landing in that region.
Q30English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word that is the correct SYNONYM of 'CANDID'.

aFrank
bHesitant
cCunning
dEvasive
Answer: A
'Candid' means open, honest and straightforward; its closest synonym among the options is 'frank'.
Q31English Language & Comprehension

Fill in the blank with the correct word: 'The two statements were so contradictory that it was impossible to ____ them.'

areconcile
breconvene
crecount
dreconsider
Answer: A
'Reconcile' means to make two apparently conflicting things consistent or compatible, which fits contradictory statements.
Q32English Language & Comprehension

Choose the option that correctly completes the conditional sentence: 'If the notice ____ served in time, the suit would not have been dismissed.'

awere
bwas
chas been
dhad been
Answer: D
The main clause 'would not have been' signals a third (past unreal) conditional, which requires 'had been' in the if-clause.
Q33English Language & Comprehension

Read the passage and answer: 'A precedent is binding only in so far as it lays down a principle of law; the actual decision binds the parties, but the ratio decidendi binds future courts. Observations not necessary for the decision are merely obiter dicta and carry persuasive value alone.' According to the passage, what binds future courts?

aThe actual decision between the parties
bThe obiter dicta
cThe ratio decidendi
dThe persuasive observations
Answer: C
The passage expressly states that 'the ratio decidendi binds future courts', whereas obiter dicta are only persuasive.
Q34English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word that means 'a person appointed to settle a dispute between parties by their mutual consent'.

aAdvocate
bAssessor
cAdjudicator
dArbitrator
Answer: D
An 'arbitrator' is a person chosen by the parties to resolve their dispute outside court, by agreement between them.
Q35English Language & Comprehension

Select the correct one-word substitute for 'a statement that is taken to be true without proof, as the basis for reasoning'.

aAxiom
bHypothesis
cCorollary
dParadox
Answer: A
An 'axiom' is a self-evident proposition accepted as true without proof and used as a starting point for reasoning.
Q36English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word most nearly SIMILAR in meaning to 'PERFUNCTORY':

aDeliberate
bCursory
cThorough
dElaborate
Answer: B
'Perfunctory' means done routinely and with little care or interest; 'cursory' (hasty, superficial) is its closest synonym, while the others denote carefulness or detail.
Q37English Language & Comprehension

Select the word most OPPOSITE in meaning to 'GARRULOUS':

aTaciturn
bVerbose
cTalkative
dLoquacious
Answer: A
'Garrulous' means excessively talkative; 'taciturn' means reserved or saying little, making it the correct antonym. The other options are synonyms of garrulous.
Q38English Language & Comprehension

One who is unable to pay his debts is called a/an:

aSurety
bInsolvent
cMortgagor
dBailee
Answer: B
A person who cannot pay his debts is an 'insolvent'. A mortgagor pledges property, a bailee holds goods on trust, and a surety guarantees another's debt.
Q39English Language & Comprehension

From the following words, identify the one that is MIS-SPELT:

aMaintenance
bOccurrence
cPriviledge
dAcquittal
Answer: C
The correct spelling is 'privilege' (no 'd'); 'Priviledge' is the mis-spelt word. The other three options are spelt correctly.
Q40English Language & Comprehension

Choose the option that best expresses the meaning of the idiom 'to turn a deaf ear':

aTo become hard of hearing
bTo listen very attentively
cTo refuse to listen or pay attention
dTo whisper a secret
Answer: C
'To turn a deaf ear' means to deliberately ignore or refuse to pay attention to something. It has nothing to do with literal hearing.
Q41English Language & Comprehension

Fill in the blank with the most appropriate word: The witness gave a/an ______ account of the incident, leaving no detail unexplained.

aSpurious
bCircumstantial
cPerfunctory
dCursory
Answer: B
A 'circumstantial' account is full of detail and particulars, matching 'no detail unexplained'. The other words imply hasty, false, or careless narration.
Q42English Language & Comprehension

Identify the part of the sentence containing an error: 'Neither the judge nor the lawyers (a)/ were present (b)/ when the accused was produced (c)/ before the court. (d)'

aNeither the judge nor the lawyers
bNo error
cwhen the accused was produced
dwere present
Answer: B
With 'neither...nor', the verb agrees with the nearer subject 'lawyers' (plural), so 'were present' is correct. The sentence has no error.
Q43English Language & Comprehension

Select the word most nearly SIMILAR in meaning to 'CANDID':

aFrank
bReticent
cDevious
dEvasive
Answer: A
'Candid' means open and honest in speech; 'frank' is its closest synonym. The other options denote concealment or reluctance to speak.
Q44English Language & Comprehension

One who has a deep and irrational fear of enclosed spaces is suffering from:

aHydrophobia
bAgoraphobia
cAcrophobia
dClaustrophobia
Answer: D
Fear of enclosed spaces is 'claustrophobia'. Acrophobia is fear of heights, agoraphobia of open spaces, and hydrophobia of water.
Q45English Language & Comprehension

Choose the option that best expresses the meaning of 'sine qua non':

aAn afterthought
bAn indispensable condition
cA passing reference
dA repeated mistake
Answer: B
The Latin phrase 'sine qua non' literally means 'without which not', i.e., an essential or indispensable condition for something.
Q46English Language & Comprehension

Fill in the blanks with the most suitable pair: She was acquitted ______ the charge ______ want of evidence.

aof / by
bfrom / for
cof / for
dwith / by
Answer: C
The idiomatic construction is 'acquitted of the charge' and 'for want of evidence', so the correct pair is 'of / for'.
Q47English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word most OPPOSITE in meaning to 'EXONERATE':

aVindicate
bAcquit
cAbsolve
dIncriminate
Answer: D
'Exonerate' means to free from blame; 'incriminate' (to make someone appear guilty) is its antonym. The other options are synonyms of exonerate.
Q48English Language & Comprehension

Select the correct one-word substitute for 'a statement that is taken to be true without proof, as a basis for reasoning':

aHypothesis
bAxiom
cParadox
dCorollary
Answer: B
An 'axiom' is a self-evident truth accepted without proof. A corollary follows from a proven statement, a paradox is self-contradictory, and a hypothesis is a tentative assumption to be tested.
Q49English Language & Comprehension

Choose the sentence in which the underlined idiom 'to read between the lines' is used correctly:

aHe read between the lines aloud so all could hear.
bShe read between the lines of the page very slowly.
cFrom her guarded reply, the judge could read between the lines and sensed her reluctance.
dThe clerk read between the lines while filing the documents.
Answer: C
'To read between the lines' means to perceive a meaning that is implied but not stated. Only option (b) uses it in this figurative sense.
Q50English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word most nearly OPPOSITE in meaning to the word printed in capitals: ABATE

aModerate
bLessen
cSubside
dIntensify
Answer: D
'Abate' means to lessen or diminish; its antonym is 'intensify'. Options (b), (c) and (d) are synonyms of 'abate'.
Q51English Language & Comprehension

Choose the word which is most SIMILAR in meaning to the word printed in capitals: PERFIDIOUS

aTreacherous
bCautious
cGenerous
dDiligent
Answer: A
'Perfidious' means deceitful and untrustworthy, i.e. 'treacherous'. None of the other options conveys disloyalty.
Q52English Language & Comprehension

Choose the correct one-word substitute for: 'A person who knows many foreign languages'.

aLinguist
bLexicographer
cGrammarian
dPolyglot
Answer: D
A 'polyglot' is one who knows and uses several languages. A 'linguist' studies language generally, and a 'lexicographer' compiles dictionaries.
Q53English Language & Comprehension

Pick out the most effective word to fill the blank and make the sentence meaningfully complete: 'The judge directed the parties to ______ from making any defamatory statements during the pendency of the suit.'

arestrain
brefrain
cabstain
dretain
Answer: B
'Refrain from' is the idiomatic collocation meaning to hold oneself back from an act. 'Abstain' usually takes 'from' too but is used for voluntary self-denial (food, voting); 'refrain' best fits a directed prohibition on conduct.
Q54English Language & Comprehension

From the following words, identify the one that is MISSPELT.

aPrivilege
bLiaison
cMaintainance
dOccurrence
Answer: C
The correct spelling is 'maintenance' (not 'maintainance'). The other three words are spelt correctly.
Q55English Language & Comprehension

Choose the option that correctly identifies the meaning of the idiom: 'to throw in the towel'.

aTo start a fight
bTo insult someone openly
cTo admit defeat and give up
dTo clean up a mess
Answer: C
'To throw in the towel' is a boxing-derived idiom meaning to concede defeat or give up. It has no connection with cleaning or fighting.
Q56English Language & Comprehension

Fill in the blank with the correct preposition: 'The accused was acquitted ______ the charge of murder for want of evidence.'

afrom
bwith
cof
dagainst
Answer: C
The standard usage is 'acquitted of a charge'. 'Acquitted from' and 'acquitted against' are not idiomatic in English.
Q57Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under Section 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, the civil courts have jurisdiction to try:

aAll suits, whether civil or criminal, unless expressly barred
bAll suits of a civil nature excepting suits of which their cognizance is either expressly or impliedly barred
cOnly suits relating to property and contract
dOnly those suits which are expressly conferred upon them by statute
Answer: B
Section 9 provides that courts shall (subject to the provisions of the Code) have jurisdiction to try all suits of a civil nature excepting suits of which their cognizance is either expressly or impliedly barred.
Q58Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

The doctrine of res sub judice, which bars a court from proceeding with the trial of a suit in which the matter in issue is also directly and substantially in issue in a previously instituted suit between the same parties, is embodied in:

aSection 11 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
bSection 13 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
cSection 10 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
dSection 12 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
Answer: C
Section 10, titled 'Stay of suit', embodies the rule of res sub judice and applies where the matter in issue is also directly and substantially in issue in a previously instituted suit between the same parties; res judicata under Section 11 applies only after a matter is finally decided.
Q59Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

A second appeal to the High Court under Section 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 lies:

aOnly if the case involves a substantial question of law
bOn any question of fact or law arising from the appellate decree
cAs a matter of absolute right against every appellate decree
dOnly where the appellate court has reversed the decree of the trial court
Answer: A
Section 100 permits a second appeal to the High Court from an appellate decree only where the High Court is satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law; a mere erroneous finding of fact is not a ground.
Q60Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

No appeal shall lie from a decree passed by the court with the consent of parties. This bar is contained in:

aSection 96(4) of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
bSection 96(3) of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
cSection 96(2) of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
dSection 96(1) of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
Answer: B
Section 96(3) of the CPC categorically provides that no appeal shall lie from a decree passed by the court with the consent of the parties (a consent decree).
Q61Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Before instituting a suit against the Government or against a public officer in respect of an act purporting to be done in his official capacity, Section 80 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 requires that:

aPrior leave of the High Court be obtained
bNotice in writing be delivered and one month expire before the suit is instituted
cThe suit be filed only in the court within whose jurisdiction the Secretariat is situated
dNotice in writing be delivered and two months expire before the suit is instituted
Answer: D
Section 80 mandates a prior written notice and the expiry of two months from delivery of such notice before a suit against the Government or a public officer (acting in official capacity) can be instituted.
Q62Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Which of the following is NOT a ground for rejection of a plaint under Order VII Rule 11 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908?

aWhere the plaint does not disclose a cause of action
bWhere the relief claimed is undervalued and the plaintiff fails to correct the valuation within the time fixed
cWhere the suit appears from the statement in the plaint to be barred by any law
dWhere the written statement of the defendant raises a triable issue
Answer: D
Order VII Rule 11 lists grounds drawn from the plaint itself (no cause of action, barred by law, undervaluation, insufficient stamping, etc.); a triable issue raised in the defendant's written statement is not a ground for rejecting the plaint.
Q63Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

A defendant against whom an ex parte decree has been passed may apply to have it set aside under Order IX Rule 13 CPC if he satisfies the court that:

aThe summons was not duly served, or he was prevented by sufficient cause from appearing
bHe has a good chance of succeeding in appeal
cThe plaintiff has not yet executed the decree
dThe decree is erroneous on merits
Answer: A
Under Order IX Rule 13, an ex parte decree may be set aside where the defendant shows that the summons was not duly served, or that he was prevented by sufficient cause from appearing when the suit was called on for hearing.
Q64Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

A summary suit under Order XXXVII of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 can be instituted upon:

aSuits for specific performance of contracts
bSuits for partition of joint family property
cSuits for a declaration and consequential injunction
dSuits upon bills of exchange, hundies and promissory notes, and certain suits for recovery of a debt or liquidated demand
Answer: D
Order XXXVII provides the summary procedure for suits upon bills of exchange, hundies and promissory notes, and for certain suits to recover a debt or liquidated demand in money; the defendant must obtain leave to defend.
Q65Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Section 89 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, as construed by the Supreme Court in Afcons Infrastructure Ltd. v. Cherian Varkey Construction Co. (P) Ltd., (2010) 8 SCC 24, provides for settlement of disputes outside the court through:

aReference to a commission of inquiry
bCompulsory reference to the District Legal Services Authority alone
cArbitration, conciliation, judicial settlement including settlement through Lok Adalat, or mediation
dArbitration and conciliation only
Answer: C
Section 89 enables the court to refer disputes to arbitration, conciliation, judicial settlement (including through Lok Adalat) or mediation; in Afcons the Supreme Court clarified the procedure and held arbitration/conciliation require consent while the other modes do not.
Q66Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

A suit for the recovery of immovable property, with or without rent or profits, is to be instituted, under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, in the court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction:

aThe property is situate
bThe defendant resides
cThe plaintiff resides
dThe cause of action arose, irrespective of where the property lies
Answer: A
Section 16 of the CPC requires that suits relating to immovable property (including recovery of such property) be instituted in the court within whose local jurisdiction the property is situate.
Q67Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under the proviso to Order VI Rule 17 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, an application for amendment of pleadings after the trial has commenced:

aMay be allowed only with the consent of the opposite party
bShall not be allowed unless the court concludes that in spite of due diligence the party could not have raised the matter before the commencement of trial
cIs absolutely barred in all circumstances
dMay be allowed only by the appellate court
Answer: B
The proviso to Order VI Rule 17 bars amendment of pleadings after the trial has commenced unless the court is satisfied that, despite due diligence, the party could not have raised the matter before the commencement of trial.
Q68Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Where the plaintiff withdraws from a suit or abandons part of his claim without the leave of the court under Order XXIII Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, the consequence is that he:

aIs precluded from instituting any fresh suit in respect of the same subject-matter
bMay continue the same suit after curing the defect
cMay file a fresh suit only after obtaining the consent of the defendant
dIs free to file a fresh suit on the same cause of action without any bar
Answer: A
Under Order XXIII Rule 1, absolute withdrawal/abandonment without the court's leave bars the plaintiff from instituting a fresh suit on the same subject-matter; only a conditional withdrawal with leave under sub-rule (3) preserves the right to sue afresh.
Q69Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Where one of two or more defendants dies and the right to sue does not survive against the surviving defendants alone, and no application to bring the legal representative of the deceased on record is made within the time limited by law, the effect under Order XXII Rule 4 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 is that:

aThe whole suit stands dismissed
bThe suit continues against all defendants as if no death had occurred
cThe court must appoint a guardian for the estate of the deceased
dThe suit abates as against the deceased defendant
Answer: D
Under Order XXII Rule 4, if no application to substitute the legal representative of a deceased defendant is made within the prescribed time, the suit abates as against that deceased defendant.
Q70Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Following the Delhi High Court (Amendment) Act, 2015, the pecuniary jurisdiction of the District Courts of Delhi (for ordinary civil suits) was enhanced to suits where the value does not exceed:

aRupees fifty lakh
bRupees two crore
cRupees twenty lakh
dRupees one crore
Answer: B
The Delhi High Court (Amendment) Act, 2015 raised the pecuniary jurisdiction of the District Courts of Delhi from Rs. 20 lakh to Rs. 2 crore, correspondingly raising the High Court's ordinary original civil jurisdiction floor to above Rs. 2 crore.
Q71Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under Section 13 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, a foreign judgment shall be conclusive between the same parties EXCEPT, inter alia, where:

aIt has been obtained by fraud or is founded on a breach of any law in force in India
bIt has been pronounced by a court of competent jurisdiction
cIt is consistent with international law and Indian law
dIt has been given on the merits of the case
Answer: A
Section 13 makes a foreign judgment conclusive except in specified situations, including where it was obtained by fraud, was not on the merits, was by a court not of competent jurisdiction, offends natural justice or public policy, or sustains a claim founded on a breach of Indian law.
Q72Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, the bar contained in Section 10 (res sub judice) operates to:

aBar the institution of the subsequently filed suit altogether
bTransfer the earlier suit to the court trying the later suit
cDismiss both the suits and direct consolidation
dStay the trial of the subsequently instituted suit where the matter in issue is directly and substantially in issue in a previously instituted suit between the same parties
Answer: D
Section 10 does not bar institution; it only stays the trial of the later suit when the matter directly and substantially in issue is the same as in a previously instituted suit between the same parties litigating under the same title in a competent court.
Q73Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

The doctrine of res judicata, which precludes re-trial of a matter already finally decided between the same parties, is embodied in:

aSection 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure
bSection 11 of the Code of Civil Procedure
cOrder II Rule 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure
dSection 10 of the Code of Civil Procedure
Answer: B
Section 11 codifies res judicata, barring a court from trying any suit or issue directly and substantially in issue in a former suit between the same parties that has been finally heard and decided by a competent court.
Q74Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

A civil court has jurisdiction to try all suits of a civil nature except those of which their cognizance is expressly or impliedly barred. This rule is contained in:

aSection 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure
bSection 6 of the Code of Civil Procedure
cSection 20 of the Code of Civil Procedure
dSection 15 of the Code of Civil Procedure
Answer: A
Section 9 confers on civil courts jurisdiction over all suits of a civil nature except those whose cognizance is expressly or impliedly barred.
Q75Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

No suit shall be instituted against the Government (or a public officer in respect of any act purporting to be done in his official capacity) until the expiration of how long after notice in writing has been delivered?

aOne month
bSix months
cTwo months
dThree months
Answer: C
Section 80 CPC mandates a two months' prior notice in writing before instituting a suit against the Government or a public officer for acts done in official capacity.
Q76Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Which provision of the Code of Civil Procedure empowers a court, where it appears that there exist elements of a settlement, to refer the dispute for arbitration, conciliation, judicial settlement (including Lok Adalat) or mediation?

aSection 80
bSection 89
cSection 96
dSection 94
Answer: B
Section 89 CPC provides for settlement of disputes outside court through arbitration, conciliation, judicial settlement including Lok Adalat, and mediation.
Q77Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under Order VIII Rule 1 CPC, the maximum period (by way of the proviso) within which a defendant may be permitted to file his written statement from the date of service of summons in an ordinary civil suit is:

a30 days
b90 days
c60 days
d120 days
Answer: B
The defendant must ordinarily file the written statement within 30 days; the proviso to Order VIII Rule 1 allows the court to extend this up to 90 days from the date of service of summons (this outer limit being directory in ordinary, non-commercial suits).
Q78Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

Under Order VII Rule 11 CPC, a plaint shall be rejected where the suit appears from the statement in the plaint to be:

aFiled against multiple defendants
bBarred by any law
cOf small monetary value
dTriable by a court of small causes
Answer: B
Order VII Rule 11(d) requires rejection of a plaint where the suit appears from the statement in the plaint to be barred by any law.
Q79Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

A defendant against whom an ex parte decree has been passed may apply for setting it aside on the ground that summons was not duly served or that he was prevented by sufficient cause from appearing. Such an application lies under:

aOrder IX Rule 9
bOrder XVII Rule 3
cOrder IX Rule 6
dOrder IX Rule 13
Answer: D
Order IX Rule 13 enables a defendant to apply to set aside an ex parte decree on showing non-service of summons or sufficient cause for non-appearance; Rule 9 instead deals with restoration of a suit dismissed in default for the plaintiff's non-appearance.
Q80Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

An appeal from an original decree (first appeal) is provided for under which section of the Code of Civil Procedure?

aSection 96
bSection 115
cSection 100
dSection 104
Answer: A
Section 96 provides for a first appeal from an original decree; Section 96(3) bars an appeal from a decree passed with the consent of parties.
Q81Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

A second appeal under Section 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure shall lie to the High Court only if the High Court is satisfied that the case involves:

aAny question of fact
bAn error apparent on the face of the record
cA substantial question of law
dA mixed question of law and fact of any kind
Answer: C
Section 100 permits a second appeal to the High Court only where the case involves a substantial question of law, which the court must formulate.
Q82Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Section 184 BNSS provides for the medical examination of a victim of rape. It requires that the registered medical practitioner forward the examination report, without delay, to the investigating officer who in turn forwards it to the Magistrate, within a period of:

aSeven days
bThree days
cFifteen days
d24 hours
Answer: A
Section 184 BNSS requires the registered medical practitioner to forward the report of examination of a rape victim within seven days to the investigating officer, who forwards it to the Magistrate.
Q83Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Section 398 BNSS casts a statutory obligation, for the first time in the Code, on every State Government to:

aConstitute a special court for economic offences
bEstablish a forensic science laboratory in every district
cPrepare and notify a Witness Protection Scheme for the State
dAppoint a Director of Prosecution
Answer: C
Section 398 BNSS statutorily mandates every State Government to prepare and notify a Witness Protection Scheme to ensure protection of witnesses, giving legislative footing to the scheme upheld in Mahender Chawla v. Union of India.
Q84Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 472 BNSS, a convict under sentence of death, or his legal heir or relative, may file a mercy petition before the President under Article 72 or the Governor under Article 161. The petition must be filed within a period of:

aFifteen days from confirmation of sentence
bThirty days from the date the jail Superintendent informs of dismissal of appeal or confirmation of sentence
cNinety days from confirmation of sentence
dSeven days from confirmation of sentence
Answer: B
Section 472 BNSS, a new provision, prescribes a thirty-day limit from the date on which the Superintendent of jail informs the convict of dismissal of the appeal or confirmation of the death sentence.
Q85Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, the period of twenty-four hours within which a person arrested without warrant must be produced before the nearest Magistrate (excluding the time of journey) is provided in:

aSection 57 BNSS
bSection 58 BNSS
cSection 56 BNSS
dSection 60 BNSS
Answer: B
Section 58 BNSS (corresponding to Section 57 CrPC) bars detention of an arrested person beyond 24 hours, exclusive of journey time, without a special order of a Magistrate under Section 187.
Q86Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 43(4) of the BNSS, 2023, in exceptional circumstances a woman may be arrested after sunset and before sunrise only where:

aThe arrest is recorded on audio-video means and reported to the Magistrate within 24 hours
bThe arresting officer obtains the prior written sanction of the Director General of Police
cA woman police officer makes the report and obtains prior permission of a Judicial Magistrate of the first class
dThe senior-most male officer of the police station authorises it in writing
Answer: C
Section 43(4) BNSS prohibits arrest of a woman after sunset and before sunrise; in exceptional cases the woman police officer must, by making a written report, obtain the prior permission of the Judicial Magistrate of the first class within whose jurisdiction the offence is committed or the arrest is to be made.
Q87Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

A police officer arresting a person without a warrant for a cognizable offence is required, under the BNSS, to forthwith communicate the full particulars of the offence and grounds for arrest. This obligation is contained in:

aSection 48 BNSS
bSection 35 BNSS
cSection 47 BNSS
dSection 50 BNSS
Answer: C
Section 47 BNSS (corresponding to Section 50 CrPC) requires the officer to forthwith communicate the grounds of arrest and, in bailable cases, to inform the person of the right to be released on bail.
Q88Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 187(3) of the BNSS, 2023, the maximum period of detention after which an accused becomes entitled to default bail, where the investigation relates to an offence punishable with imprisonment for a term of ten years or more, is:

aSixty days
bSeventy-five days
cNinety days
dOne hundred eighty days
Answer: C
Section 187(3) BNSS (corresponding to Section 167(2) CrPC) prescribes ninety days where the offence is punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment of ten years or more, and sixty days for any other offence.
Q89Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Information relating to the commission of a cognizable offence may now be given by electronic communication and the registration of a 'Zero FIR' irrespective of jurisdiction is recognised under the BNSS in:

aSection 176 BNSS
bSection 173 BNSS
cSection 154 BNSS
dSection 175 BNSS
Answer: B
Section 173 BNSS (corresponding to Section 154 CrPC) permits information by electronic communication, signed within three days, and statutorily recognises Zero FIR by allowing registration irrespective of the area in which the offence is committed.
Q90Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 176(3) of the BNSS, 2023, the visit of a forensic expert to the scene of crime to collect forensic evidence is mandatory in respect of an offence punishable with imprisonment for a term of:

aTen years or more
bFive years or more
cThree years or more
dSeven years or more
Answer: D
Section 176(3) BNSS makes it mandatory for a forensic expert to visit the crime scene and collect forensic evidence, with videography of the process, for offences punishable with imprisonment of seven years or more.
Q91Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Trial, inquiry or judgment in absentia of a proclaimed offender who has absconded to evade trial, where there is no immediate prospect of arresting him, is now expressly provided for under:

aSection 336 BNSS
bSection 356 BNSS
cSection 84 BNSS
dSection 299 BNSS
Answer: B
Section 356 BNSS is a new provision permitting trial in absentia of a proclaimed offender, requiring the court to wait ninety days from the framing of charge and to comply with notice and publication requirements before proceeding.
Q92Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

The provision in the BNSS, 2023 empowering and obliging the court to question the accused generally on the case after the prosecution evidence is closed (formerly Section 313 CrPC) is:

aSection 351 BNSS
bSection 313 BNSS
cSection 330 BNSS
dSection 348 BNSS
Answer: A
Section 351 BNSS corresponds to Section 313 CrPC, enabling the court to examine the accused on incriminating circumstances; the accused shall not render himself liable to punishment by refusing to answer.
Q93Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the BNSS, 2023, an application for plea bargaining is not maintainable where the offence is punishable with:

aImprisonment for a term exceeding five years
bDeath, imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term exceeding seven years
cAny term of imprisonment together with fine
dImprisonment for a term exceeding three years
Answer: B
Under the plea bargaining chapter of the BNSS (Section 289), plea bargaining is excluded for offences punishable with death, life imprisonment, or imprisonment exceeding seven years, and for offences affecting the socio-economic condition of the country or committed against a woman or child below eighteen.
Q94Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the BNSS, 2023 a Magistrate taking cognizance of an offence upon a complaint is required, by the proviso to Section 223(1), to:

aRecord the complainant's statement on audio-video means in every case
bRefer the matter to a Sessions Judge for prior sanction
cForward the complaint to the police for investigation in every case
dGive the accused an opportunity of being heard before taking cognizance
Answer: D
The proviso to Section 223(1) BNSS introduces a new requirement that no cognizance of an offence on a complaint shall be taken by the Magistrate without giving the accused an opportunity of being heard.
Q95Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Direction for grant of anticipatory bail to a person apprehending arrest on accusation of a non-bailable offence is provided in the BNSS, 2023 under:

aSection 482 BNSS
bSection 438 BNSS
cSection 483 BNSS
dSection 480 BNSS
Answer: A
Section 482 BNSS corresponds to Section 438 CrPC and provides for grant of anticipatory bail by the High Court or Court of Session.
Q96Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

The definition of 'victim' under Section 2(1)(y) of the BNSS, 2023 expressly includes:

aOnly the person against whom the offence was directly committed
bOnly a person formally recognised as such after the accused is charged
cThe guardian or legal heir of the person who suffered loss or injury
dAny informant who set the criminal law in motion
Answer: C
Section 2(1)(y) BNSS defines a victim as a person who has suffered any loss or injury caused by the act or omission of the accused, and expressly includes the guardian or legal heir of such victim.
Q97Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 35 of the BNSS, 2023, a police officer is not required to arrest a person accused of a cognizable offence punishable with imprisonment up to seven years; instead, in the first instance the officer may:

aIssue a notice directing the person to appear before him or at a specified place
bRelease the person on personal bond without any condition
cDetain the person in protective custody pending inquiry
dForward the matter directly to the Magistrate for issue of process
Answer: A
Section 35(3) BNSS (corresponding to Section 41A CrPC) requires the officer to issue a notice to appear instead of arresting, where the offence is punishable with imprisonment up to seven years; arrest may follow only for recorded reasons on non-compliance.
Q98Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

A petition for mercy by a convict under sentence of death, and the procedure for its submission to the President or the Governor, is, for the first time, provided in a statutory form in the BNSS, 2023 under:

aSection 432 BNSS
bSection 473 BNSS
cSection 474 BNSS
dSection 472 BNSS
Answer: D
Section 472 BNSS is a new provision laying down the procedure and timelines for filing a mercy petition by a convict sentenced to death before the Governor and the President.
Q99Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 173(3) of the BNSS, 2023, for a cognizable offence punishable with imprisonment of three years or more but less than seven years, the officer-in-charge may, with the prior permission of a superior officer, conduct a preliminary enquiry to ascertain a prima facie case within:

aThirty days
bFourteen days
cTwenty-one days
dSeven days
Answer: B
Section 173(3) BNSS permits a preliminary enquiry, within fourteen days and with the prior permission of an officer not below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police, for offences punishable with three years or more but less than seven years.
Q100Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, the maximum total period of detention of an accused otherwise than in the custody of the police, where the investigation relates to an offence punishable with imprisonment for a term of ten years or more, is:

aSixty days
bOne hundred and twenty days
cNinety days
dFifteen days
Answer: C
Under Section 187(3) BNSS, the Magistrate cannot authorise detention beyond ninety days where the offence is punishable with death, life imprisonment or imprisonment of ten years or more; on expiry of that period the accused is entitled to default bail.
Q101Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Which provision of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 deals with the grant of anticipatory bail, i.e. a direction for release of a person apprehending arrest on an accusation of a non-bailable offence?

aSection 478
bSection 480
cSection 438
dSection 482
Answer: D
Anticipatory bail is now governed by Section 482 BNSS (corresponding to the erstwhile Section 438 CrPC). Section 438 is the old CrPC number and is therefore incorrect.
Q102Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 173(3) of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, where information relates to a cognizable offence punishable for three years or more but less than seven years, the officer in charge may, with prior permission of an officer not below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police, conduct a preliminary enquiry to ascertain whether a prima facie case exists, which is to be completed within:

aSeven days
bThirty days
cTwenty-one days
dFourteen days
Answer: D
Section 173(3) BNSS permits a preliminary enquiry, with prior DSP-rank permission, for offences punishable with three years or more but less than seven years, and requires it to be concluded within fourteen days.
Q103Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

The concept of a 'Zero FIR', allowing registration of a first information report at any police station irrespective of territorial jurisdiction, has for the first time been given statutory recognition under which section of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023?

aSection 176
bSection 175
cSection 173
dSection 154
Answer: C
Section 173 BNSS codifies the Zero FIR concept, permitting an FIR to be registered irrespective of the area where the offence is committed. Section 154 is the corresponding old CrPC provision.
Q104Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Under Section 35 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, where a person is accused of an offence punishable with imprisonment for less than three years and such person is infirm or above sixty years of age, the arrest may be made only with the prior permission of an officer not below the rank of:

aSuperintendent of Police
bDeputy Superintendent of Police
cInspector of Police
dSub-Inspector of Police
Answer: B
Section 35(7) BNSS provides that no person accused of an offence punishable with less than three years' imprisonment, who is infirm or above sixty years of age, shall be arrested without prior permission of an officer not below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police.
Q105Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC / BNSS)

Section 144 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, empowering an order for maintenance of wives, children and parents who are unable to maintain themselves, corresponds to which provision of the repealed Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973?

aSection 133 CrPC
bSection 107 CrPC
cSection 125 CrPC
dSection 145 CrPC
Answer: C
Section 144 BNSS is the successor to Section 125 of the old CrPC, dealing with maintenance of wives, children and parents.
Q106Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

The general punishment for the offence of rape (formerly Section 376 IPC) is now provided under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, in:

aSection 64
bSection 63
cSection 65
dSection 376
Answer: A
Section 63 BNS defines rape and Section 64 prescribes the punishment for rape (rigorous imprisonment of not less than ten years, extendable to life, and fine).
Q107Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Abetment of a thing is defined in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, in:

aSection 45
bSection 49
cSection 61
dSection 107
Answer: A
Section 45 BNS defines abetment (by instigation, by engaging in conspiracy, or by intentional aiding); the corresponding IPC provision was Section 107.
Q108Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

The general provision declaring that nothing done in the exercise of the right of private defence is an offence ('Things done in private defence') is found in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, in:

aSection 34
bSection 38
cSection 96
dSection 100
Answer: A
Section 34 BNS provides that nothing is an offence which is done in the exercise of the right of private defence; the later sections (35 onwards) elaborate the extent of that right.
Q109Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under Section 103(2) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, where a murder is committed by a group acting in concert on the ground of race, caste, community, sex, place of birth, language or personal belief, the minimum number of persons in the group for the provision to apply is:

aTwo or more persons
bSeven or more persons
cFive or more persons
dThree or more persons
Answer: C
Section 103(2) BNS applies where a group of five or more persons acting in concert commits murder on the listed grounds, each being punishable with death, life imprisonment, or imprisonment not less than seven years.
Q110Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Which of the following is a newly created offence under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 that had no distinct corresponding section in the Indian Penal Code, 1860, defined as theft committed by suddenly, quickly or forcibly seizing movable property?

aSnatching under Section 304
bDacoity under Section 310
cRobbery under Section 309
dExtortion under Section 308
Answer: A
Section 304 BNS introduces 'snatching' as a distinct offence: theft is snatching if the offender suddenly, quickly or forcibly seizes or grabs the movable property. There was no separate IPC provision for it.
Q111Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Section 69 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 deals with sexual intercourse obtained by deceitful means or on a false promise to marry. The maximum punishment prescribed under this section is imprisonment which may extend to:

aLife imprisonment
bSeven years
cTen years
dFourteen years
Answer: C
Section 69 BNS punishes sexual intercourse by deceitful means or a false promise of marriage (not amounting to rape) with imprisonment up to ten years and fine.
Q112Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

The rule that 'when a criminal act is done by several persons in furtherance of the common intention of all, each is liable as if the act were done by him alone' is contained in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 in:

aSection 61(2)
bSection 190
cSection 34
dSection 3(5)
Answer: D
The common intention rule, formerly Section 34 IPC, is now placed in the General Explanations as Section 3(5) BNS, retaining identical language.
Q113Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

'Organised crime', a substantive offence with no equivalent in the Indian Penal Code, 1860, has been introduced under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 in:

aSection 152
bSection 111
cSection 113
dSection 109
Answer: B
Section 111 BNS creates the offence of organised crime committed by a crime syndicate, a provision absent from the IPC.
Q114Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the offence of criminal conspiracy is defined and punished under:

aSection 48
bSection 152
cSection 45
dSection 61
Answer: D
Section 61 BNS defines criminal conspiracy (the agreement of two or more persons to do an illegal act or a legal act by illegal means) and prescribes its punishment, corresponding to former Sections 120A/120B IPC.
Q115Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, robbery committed conjointly by five or more persons amounts to dacoity. The relevant defining section is:

aSection 310
bSection 314
cSection 303
dSection 309
Answer: A
Section 310 BNS defines dacoity: when five or more persons conjointly commit or attempt to commit a robbery, every such person is said to commit dacoity.
Q116Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

On the same set of allegations, the offences of cheating (Section 318 BNS) and criminal breach of trust (Section 316 BNS) generally cannot co-exist because:

aBoth require entrustment of property at the outset
bCriminal breach of trust requires deception while cheating does not
cBoth are non-cognizable and bailable offences
dCheating requires dishonest intention from the inception, whereas criminal breach of trust presupposes a lawful entrustment later misappropriated
Answer: D
The offences are antithetical: cheating (S.318) requires dishonest intention from inception, while criminal breach of trust (S.316) begins with a lawful entrustment that is subsequently misappropriated, so the same facts cannot constitute both.
Q117Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under Section 109 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (attempt to murder), where the act causes hurt to the victim, the offender is liable to be punished with:

aImprisonment up to seven years only
bImprisonment for life, or imprisonment up to ten years, and fine
cImprisonment up to three years only
dDeath or imprisonment for life only
Answer: B
Section 109 BNS provides that where the act causes hurt, the offender may be punished with imprisonment for life, or imprisonment up to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.
Q118Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the definition of 'culpable homicide' and the definition of 'murder' are respectively contained in:

aSection 100 and Section 103
bSection 101 and Section 103
cSection 100 and Section 101
dSection 299 and Section 300
Answer: C
Section 100 BNS defines culpable homicide and Section 101 defines murder; the punishments follow in Sections 105 and 103 respectively.
Q119Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under Section 103(2) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, where a group of five or more persons acting in concert commits murder on the ground of race, caste, community, sex, place of birth, language or personal belief, each member of the group shall be punished with:

aDeath, or imprisonment for life, or imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than seven years, and also fine.
bDeath or imprisonment for life only.
cImprisonment for life only, and fine.
dImprisonment for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and fine.
Answer: A
Section 103(2) BNS, which for the first time codifies 'mob lynching', prescribes for each member of the group death, or imprisonment for life, or imprisonment for a term not less than seven years, together with fine. The seven-year minimum-term option distinguishes it from the punishment for ordinary murder under Section 103(1).
Q120Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Where a person voluntarily causes grievous hurt and in the course of its commission causes the victim to be in a permanent disability or persistent vegetative state, the punishment prescribed under Section 117(3) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 is:

aImprisonment of either description which may extend to seven years, and fine.
bRigorous imprisonment which may extend to ten years, and fine.
cImprisonment for life or imprisonment which may extend to fourteen years, and fine.
dRigorous imprisonment for a term not less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life (meaning imprisonment for the remainder of that person's natural life).
Answer: D
Section 117(3) BNS, a provision with no exact IPC equivalent, prescribes rigorous imprisonment of not less than ten years extending to imprisonment for the remainder of the offender's natural life where grievous hurt results in permanent disability or a persistent vegetative state. The seven-year punishment in option (a) corresponds to ordinary grievous hurt under Section 117(2).
Q121Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the general punishment for the offence of murder is provided by:

aSection 109
bSection 105
cSection 103
dSection 101
Answer: C
Section 101 BNS defines murder, while Section 103 prescribes the punishment for murder (death or imprisonment for life, and fine). Section 105 deals with punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder.
Q122Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Section 103(2) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 introduces a specific provision for which of the following situations?

aMurder committed by a life-convict
bMurder committed by a group of five or more persons acting in concert on the ground of race, caste, community, sex, place of birth, language, personal belief or any other ground
cMurder committed by administering poison
dMurder committed during the commission of dacoity
Answer: B
Section 103(2) BNS specifically penalises so-called 'mob lynching' murders, where a group of five or more persons acting in concert kill on grounds such as race, caste, community, sex, language or personal belief, prescribing death or imprisonment of not less than seven years.
Q123Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the offence of 'dowry death' is dealt with under:

aSection 80
bSection 86
cSection 85
dSection 79
Answer: A
Section 80 BNS deals with dowry death, corresponding to the erstwhile Section 304B IPC, where a woman dies of burns or bodily injury within seven years of marriage in connection with a dowry demand.
Q124Indian Penal Code (IPC / BNS)

Which of the following is NOT one of the punishments to which offenders are liable under Section 4 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023?

aCommunity service
bForfeiture of property
cFine
dTransportation for life
Answer: D
Section 4 BNS lists punishments as death, imprisonment for life, imprisonment, forfeiture of property, fine and community service. 'Community service' is a new punishment; 'transportation for life' is not a punishment under the BNS.
Q125Constitution of India

The right to constitutional remedies under Article 32 of the Constitution may be suspended by Presidential order during the operation of a Proclamation of Emergency declared on the ground of:

aWar, external aggression or armed rebellion, but never as regards Articles 20 and 21
bWar or external aggression only
cFinancial emergency under Article 360
dFailure of constitutional machinery in a State
Answer: A
Under Article 359 the right to move courts for enforcement of fundamental rights may be suspended during a Proclamation of Emergency; however, since the 44th Amendment, the enforcement of Articles 20 and 21 can never be suspended.
Q126Constitution of India

Article 233A of the Constitution, validating appointments of, and judgments etc. delivered by, certain district judges, was inserted primarily to overcome the effect of the decision in:

aState of West Bengal v. Nripendra Nath Bagchi
bAll India Judges' Association v. Union of India
cKesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
dChandra Mohan v. State of Uttar Pradesh
Answer: D
Article 233A (inserted by the 20th Amendment, 1966) was enacted to validate appointments of district judges that had been made otherwise than strictly in accordance with Article 233, following Chandra Mohan v. State of U.P.
Q127Constitution of India

Which Article of the Constitution empowers the President to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases, including in all cases of sentence of death?

aArticle 72
bArticle 123
cArticle 142
dArticle 161
Answer: A
Article 72 confers on the President the power of pardon etc., which extends to all cases of punishment by court-martial, offences against Union laws, and all cases of death sentence. The Governor's parallel (but narrower) power is in Article 161.
Q128Constitution of India

The power of superintendence of a High Court over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction is conferred by:

aArticle 227
bArticle 228
cArticle 226
dArticle 235
Answer: A
Article 227 confers on every High Court power of superintendence over all courts and tribunals within its jurisdiction (excepting courts dealing with the Armed Forces).
Q129Constitution of India

In which case did the Supreme Court hold that the power of judicial review vested in the High Courts under Article 226 and in the Supreme Court under Article 32 is itself part of the basic structure of the Constitution, while dealing with the validity of the 42nd Amendment's exclusion clauses?

aS.R. Bommai v. Union of India
bL. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India
cIndra Sawhney v. Union of India
dMinerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India
Answer: B
In L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India (1997), the Supreme Court held that judicial review under Articles 226/227 and 32 is part of the basic structure and struck down the exclusion of High Court jurisdiction over tribunals.
Q130Constitution of India

A law made by Parliament under Article 169 providing for the abolition or creation of a Legislative Council in a State, pursuant to a resolution of the State Legislative Assembly:

aRequires ratification by not less than one-half of the State Legislatures.
bShall not be deemed to be an amendment of the Constitution for the purposes of Article 368.
cShall be deemed to be an amendment of the Constitution for the purposes of Article 368.
dMust be passed by a majority of the total membership of each House of Parliament and by a two-thirds majority of members present and voting.
Answer: B
Article 169(3) expressly provides that no such law as is referred to in clause (1) shall be deemed to be an amendment of the Constitution for the purposes of Article 368; it may be passed by Parliament as ordinary legislation by simple majority.
Q131Constitution of India

Following the decision in Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India, the protection conferred by Article 31C against challenge under Articles 14 and 19 is available to a law made to give effect to the directive principles specified in:

aAll the directive principles contained in Part IV (Articles 36 to 51).
bArticle 39(b) and Article 41 only.
cClauses (b) and (c) of Article 39 only.
dArticles 38 and 39 in their entirety.
Answer: C
The 42nd Amendment had extended Article 31C to all directive principles, but in Minerva Mills (1980) the Supreme Court struck down that expansion, restoring the article to its original ambit limited to laws giving effect to Article 39(b) and (c).
Q132Constitution of India

With respect to a reference made by the President to the Supreme Court under Article 143(1) on a question of law of public importance, the opinion rendered by the Court is:

aBinding only if the reference is made on a dispute referred to in clause (2).
bBinding on the President but not on the High Courts.
cBinding on the President and on all courts within the territory of India.
dAdvisory only and not binding on the President.
Answer: D
An opinion under Article 143 is purely advisory; the Supreme Court may even decline to answer a reference under clause (1), and the opinion does not bind the President to act upon it.
Q133Constitution of India

Where a Money Bill is presented to the Governor of a State for assent under Article 200, the Governor may:

aWithhold assent and return it with a message suggesting amendments.
bEither assent to the Bill or reserve it for the consideration of the President, but cannot return it for reconsideration.
cOnly assent to the Bill; he has no power to reserve a Money Bill.
dAssent, withhold assent, or return it to the Legislative Assembly for reconsideration.
Answer: B
The first proviso to Article 200, which permits the Governor to return a Bill for reconsideration, expressly does not apply to Money Bills; for a Money Bill the Governor may only assent or reserve it for the President's consideration.
Q134Constitution of India

The right to property, after the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978 omitted Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31, presently finds place as:

aA directive principle under Article 39(b).
bA fundamental right under Article 32.
cA constitutional/legal right under Article 300A in Part XII.
dA fundamental right under Article 31A.
Answer: C
The 44th Amendment deleted property as a fundamental right and inserted Article 300A in Part XII, making it a constitutional (legal) right that no person shall be deprived of save by authority of law.
Q135Constitution of India

In Selvi v. State of Karnataka, the Supreme Court held that the involuntary administration of narcoanalysis, polygraph and brain-mapping (BEAP) tests on an accused is unconstitutional principally as a violation of:

aArticle 22(1) right to consult a legal practitioner.
bArticle 19(1)(a) freedom of speech and expression.
cArticle 14 and the rule against arbitrariness.
dArticle 20(3) right against self-incrimination, read with Article 21.
Answer: D
The Court held that compulsory administration of such techniques amounts to testimonial compulsion infringing the right against self-incrimination under Article 20(3), and also offends personal liberty under Article 21; they may be conducted only with the subject's consent.
Q136Constitution of India

Under the second proviso to Article 31A(1), where the State acquires land held by a person under his personal cultivation within the ceiling limit applicable to him, the acquiring law is saved by Article 31A only if it provides for compensation at a rate which:

aIs fixed solely at the discretion of the State Government.
bShall not be less than the market value thereof.
cNeed not be related to market value, the adequacy of compensation being non-justiciable.
dShall not be less than fifty per cent of the market value thereof.
Answer: B
The second proviso to Article 31A(1) mandates that where land under the personal cultivation of a person, within the applicable ceiling limit, is acquired, the law must provide compensation at a rate not less than the market value, failing which the protection of Article 31A is unavailable.
Q137Constitution of India

A resolution for the impeachment of the President of India, on the ground of violation of the Constitution, must be passed by each House of Parliament by a majority of:

aNot less than two-thirds of the total membership of that House
bNot less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting
cThree-fourths of the members present and voting
dMore than one-half of the total membership of that House
Answer: A
Under Article 61(2), the impeachment resolution must be passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the House, both at the stage of moving the charge and after investigation.
Q138Constitution of India

Article 249 empowers Parliament to legislate on a matter in the State List in the national interest if the Council of States so resolves. Such a resolution remains in force for a period not exceeding:

aOne year
bSix months
cThe duration of the Lok Sabha
dTwo years
Answer: A
Under Article 249, a resolution passed by the Rajya Sabha by a two-thirds majority of members present and voting remains in force for a period not exceeding one year, renewable for further one-year periods.
Q139Constitution of India

Which one of the following clemency powers is exclusively vested in the President and is NOT available to the Governor of a State?

aPardon in respect of an offence against a law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the State extends
bPardon in respect of a sentence passed by a Court Martial
cRemission of a sentence of imprisonment under a State law
dCommutation of a sentence for an offence triable by a Sessions Court of the State
Answer: B
Under Article 72(1)(b), the President alone can grant clemency in respect of sentences passed by Courts Martial; the Governor's power under Article 161 does not extend to court-martial sentences or to Union-law offences.
Q140Constitution of India

A law for the creation or abolition of a Legislative Council in a State can be enacted by Parliament only if the Legislative Assembly of the State first passes a resolution by:

aNot less than two-thirds of the total membership of the Assembly
bA majority of the total membership of the Assembly only
cA simple majority of the members present and voting
dA majority of the total membership of the Assembly and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting
Answer: D
Article 169 requires the Legislative Assembly to pass the resolution by a majority of the total membership and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting before Parliament may make the law.
Q141Constitution of India

Laws and regulations specified in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution are protected from being declared void on the ground of inconsistency with the Fundamental Rights by virtue of:

aArticle 31C
bArticle 31A
cArticle 13(2)
dArticle 31B
Answer: D
Article 31B, inserted by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, validates the Acts and Regulations specified in the Ninth Schedule, declaring that they shall not be deemed void for inconsistency with any Part III right.
Q142Constitution of India

After the Forty-fourth Amendment, the right to property is no longer a fundamental right but is recognised as a constitutional/legal right which provides that no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law. This is contained in:

aArticle 19(1)(f)
bArticle 31
cArticle 39(b)
dArticle 300A
Answer: D
The Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978 deleted Articles 19(1)(f) and 31 and inserted Article 300A, making the right to property a constitutional right rather than a fundamental right.
Q143Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, which of the following correctly states the provisions dealing with primary evidence and secondary evidence respectively?

aPrimary evidence under Section 62 and secondary evidence under Section 63
bPrimary evidence under Section 61 and secondary evidence under Section 62
cPrimary evidence under Section 58 and secondary evidence under Section 57
dPrimary evidence under Section 57 and secondary evidence under Section 58
Answer: D
Section 57 BSA defines primary evidence (with new explanations for electronic records) and Section 58 defines secondary evidence (corresponding to Sections 62 and 63 IEA).
Q144Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, the general rule that whoever desires any Court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts must prove that those facts exist, is contained in:

aSection 104
bSection 108
cSection 101
dSection 106
Answer: A
Section 104 BSA states the basic rule on burden of proof (corresponding to Section 101 IEA).
Q145Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, the opinion of a person specially skilled in foreign law, science, art or as to identity of handwriting or finger impressions is a relevant fact under:

aSection 45
bSection 25
cSection 51
dSection 39
Answer: D
Section 39 of the BSA, 2023 (corresponding to Section 45 of the old Indian Evidence Act) makes the opinion of experts a relevant fact and defines who is an 'expert'.
Q146Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA)

Which provision of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 declares that no confession made to a police officer shall be proved as against a person accused of any offence?

aSection 24
bSection 23(1)
cSection 25
dSection 22(1)
Answer: B
Section 23(1) of the BSA, 2023 bars proof of a confession made to a police officer against the accused. Section 23(2) deals separately with confessions in police custody.
Q147Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA)

An accused in police custody states, 'I will produce the knife with which I stabbed the deceased; it is buried under the cowshed,' and the knife is recovered from that spot. Under the BSA, 2023, how much of this information is admissible?

aNothing, as it was made in police custody
bOnly the confessional part admitting the stabbing
cThe entire statement including the words 'with which I stabbed the deceased'
dOnly so much of the information as relates distinctly to the fact thereby discovered
Answer: D
Under the proviso to Section 23(2) of the BSA, 2023, only so much of the information as relates distinctly to the fact discovered (i.e., the buried knife) may be proved, not the confessional portion about stabbing.
Q148Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

A statement made by a person, since deceased, as to the cause of his death or as to the circumstances of the transaction which resulted in his death (commonly called a dying declaration) is made relevant under the BSA, 2023 by:

aSection 19
bSection 32(1)
cSection 6
dSection 26(a)
Answer: D
Section 26 of the BSA, 2023 deals with statements of relevant facts by persons who are dead or cannot be found; clause (a) covers dying declarations as to cause of death or circumstances of the transaction resulting in death.
Q149Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA)

Under the BSA, 2023, a confession caused by an inducement, threat, coercion or promise proceeding from a person in authority is irrelevant in a criminal proceeding by virtue of:

aSection 23
bSection 22
cSection 24
dSection 15
Answer: B
Section 22 of the BSA, 2023 renders irrelevant a confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise from a person in authority when it would lead the accused to suppose he would gain an advantage or avoid an evil of a temporal nature.
Q150Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

In a prosecution under the BSA, 2023, where it is shown that soon before her death a woman was subjected to cruelty or harassment for or in connection with a demand for dowry, the Court shall presume that the accused caused the dowry death. This presumption is contained in:

aSection 109
bSection 105
cSection 118
dSection 120
Answer: C
Section 118 of the BSA, 2023 (corresponding to Section 113B of the old Act) contains the mandatory presumption as to dowry death where cruelty for dowry is shown soon before the woman's death.
Q151Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the BSA, 2023, when any fact is especially within the knowledge of any person, the burden of proving that fact is upon:

aThe person who has such special knowledge
bThe Court, which must call for evidence
cThe party who asserts the affirmative of the issue
dThe prosecution in all cases
Answer: A
Section 109 of the BSA, 2023 (old Section 106) places the burden of proving a fact especially within a person's knowledge upon that person.
Q152Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA)

The general rule under the BSA, 2023 that an accomplice is a competent witness against an accused, and that a conviction is not illegal if it proceeds upon the corroborated testimony of an accomplice, is reflected in:

aSection 124
bSection 139
cSection 146
dSection 138
Answer: D
Section 138 of the BSA, 2023 (old Section 133 IEA) provides that an accomplice is a competent witness and, as enacted, that a conviction is not illegal if it proceeds upon his 'corroborated' testimony (the word 'uncorroborated' in IEA s.133 having been changed to 'corroborated').
Q153Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the BSA, 2023, no particular number of witnesses is required for the proof of any fact. This rule is found in:

aSection 140
bSection 138
cSection 119
dSection 139
Answer: D
Section 139 of the BSA, 2023 (old Section 134) provides that no particular number of witnesses is required for proof of any fact, embodying the principle that evidence is weighed, not counted.
Q154Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the BSA, 2023, a leading question may, without the permission of the Court, be asked in:

aExamination-in-chief
bRe-examination
cCross-examination
dBoth examination-in-chief and re-examination
Answer: C
Section 146 of the BSA, 2023 (old Sections 141-143) deals with leading questions; such questions may be asked in cross-examination, but not in examination-in-chief or re-examination except with the Court's permission.
Q155Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the BSA, 2023, the provision empowering the Judge, in order to discover or obtain proper proof of relevant facts, to ask any question he pleases of any witness or party and to order production of any document or thing, is:

aSection 165
bSection 168
cSection 151
dSection 141
Answer: B
Section 168 of the BSA, 2023 (old Section 165) confers on the Judge wide power to put questions or order production of documents and things to discover proper proof of relevant facts.
Q156Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the BSA, 2023, in criminal proceedings the fact that the accused person has a previous good character is:

aRelevant
bIrrelevant in all cases
cRelevant only to determine sentence after conviction
dRelevant only when the accused gives evidence of his own bad character
Answer: A
Section 47 of the BSA, 2023 (old Section 53) provides that in criminal proceedings the fact that the accused person is of a good character is relevant.
Q157Indian Evidence Act (BSA)

Under the BSA, 2023, the contents of documents may be proved either by primary or by secondary evidence. Primary evidence is dealt with under:

aSection 58
bSection 61
cSection 57
dSection 56
Answer: C
Section 57 of the BSA, 2023 defines and deals with primary evidence (the document itself produced for inspection), while Section 58 deals with secondary evidence.
Q158Arbitration & Conciliation Act

On an application under Section 8, a judicial authority before which an action is brought in a matter that is the subject of an arbitration agreement shall:

aRefer the parties to arbitration unless it finds that prima facie no valid arbitration agreement exists
bStay the suit and itself decide the existence of the agreement on full evidence
cDismiss the suit in all cases
dRefer the parties only if both sides consent at that stage
Answer: A
As amended in 2015, Section 8 mandates referral to arbitration notwithstanding any judgment unless the court finds prima facie that no valid arbitration agreement exists.
Q159Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Under Part III of the Act, a settlement agreement drawn up and signed in conciliation proceedings (Section 73 read with Section 74) has:

aThe status of a consent decree requiring court confirmation
bNo binding effect until registered
cThe same status and effect as an arbitral award on agreed terms under Section 30
dOnly the status of an ordinary contract enforceable by a fresh suit
Answer: C
Section 74 provides that a settlement agreement under Section 73 has the same status and effect as an arbitral award on agreed terms under Section 30, and is thus directly enforceable.
Q160Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Which of the following correctly states the position under Section 80 regarding the role of a conciliator?

aUnless otherwise agreed, the conciliator shall not act as arbitrator, representative or counsel of a party in any arbitral or judicial proceeding in respect of that dispute
bA conciliator may later be appointed arbitrator in the same dispute if the parties consent
cA conciliator must compulsorily be examined as a witness in subsequent proceedings
dA conciliator may freely act as counsel for either party after conciliation fails
Answer: A
Section 80 bars the conciliator, unless otherwise agreed, from acting as arbitrator, representative or counsel in arbitral or judicial proceedings on the same dispute, and from being presented as a witness.
Q161Arbitration & Conciliation Act

During pending conciliation proceedings, the parties:

aAre absolutely barred from approaching any court or tribunal
bMay freely initiate parallel arbitral proceedings on the same dispute
cMay initiate judicial proceedings only with the conciliator's written permission
dShall not initiate arbitral or judicial proceedings except where necessary to preserve their rights
Answer: D
Section 77 prohibits initiation of arbitral or judicial proceedings during conciliation, save where a party considers such proceedings necessary for preserving its rights.
Q162Arbitration & Conciliation Act

In any arbitral or judicial proceeding, the parties shall not rely on or introduce as evidence which of the following arising out of conciliation?

aThe bare fact that conciliation was attempted
bAdmissions made by the other party in the course of the conciliation proceedings
cDocuments that independently exist apart from the conciliation
dPublic records produced before the conciliator
Answer: B
Section 81 makes admissions, views, suggestions and a party's willingness to settle expressed during conciliation inadmissible in subsequent arbitral or judicial proceedings.
Q163Arbitration & Conciliation Act

A challenge to an arbitrator under Section 12(3) may be made on the ground that:

aThe arbitrator has previously decided a different commercial dispute
bThe arbitrator is not a retired judge
cCircumstances exist giving rise to justifiable doubts as to the arbitrator's independence or impartiality, or that he does not possess the agreed qualifications
dThe arbitrator resides outside the territorial jurisdiction of the court
Answer: C
Section 12(3) permits a challenge where circumstances give rise to justifiable doubts as to the arbitrator's independence or impartiality, or where he lacks the qualifications agreed by the parties.
Q164Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Under Section 7 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, an arbitration agreement:

aNeed not be in writing if the dispute is of a commercial nature
bMust invariably be a separate stand-alone document and cannot be a clause in a contract
cMay be oral provided it is later confirmed by conduct of the parties
dMust be in writing and may be in the form of an arbitration clause in a contract
Answer: D
Section 7(2) provides that an arbitration agreement may be in the form of an arbitration clause in a contract or in the form of a separate agreement, and Section 7(3) requires it to be in writing.
Q165Arbitration & Conciliation Act

As to the number of arbitrators, Section 10 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 provides that the parties are free to determine the number, but such number:

aShall not be an even number
bShall not be an odd number
cShall always be three
dShall not exceed five in any case
Answer: A
Section 10(1) permits the parties to determine the number of arbitrators provided it shall not be an even number; under Section 10(2), failing such determination, the tribunal shall consist of a sole arbitrator.
Q166Arbitration & Conciliation Act

A plea that the arbitral tribunal does not have jurisdiction, under Section 16 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, shall be raised:

aAt any time before the award is pronounced
bOnly in proceedings to set aside the award under Section 34
cWithin thirty days of the constitution of the tribunal
dNot later than the submission of the statement of defence
Answer: D
Section 16(2) embodies the kompetenz-kompetenz principle and requires that a plea of lack of jurisdiction be raised not later than the submission of the statement of defence.
Q167Arbitration & Conciliation Act

Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, under Section 21 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 the arbitral proceedings in respect of a particular dispute commence on the date on which:

aA request for that dispute to be referred to arbitration is received by the respondent
bThe arbitration agreement is signed by the parties
cThe arbitral tribunal is constituted
dThe claimant files its statement of claim before the tribunal
Answer: A
Section 21 provides that, unless otherwise agreed, arbitral proceedings commence on the date a request to refer the dispute to arbitration is received by the respondent.
Q168Arbitration & Conciliation Act

In an arbitration other than an international commercial arbitration, Section 28 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 requires the arbitral tribunal to decide the dispute in accordance with:

aThe law chosen by the tribunal as appropriate
bPrinciples of equity and good conscience alone
cAny foreign law agreed between the parties
dThe substantive law for the time being in force in India
Answer: D
Section 28(1)(a) provides that where the place of arbitration is in India, in an arbitration other than an international commercial arbitration, the tribunal shall decide the dispute in accordance with the substantive law for the time being in force in India.
Q169Indian Contract Act

Agreements by way of wager are, under Section 30 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872:

avoidable at the option of the losing party
bvoid, and no suit shall be brought for recovering anything alleged to be won on any wager
cvalid and enforceable as ordinary contracts
dillegal and punishable with imprisonment
Answer: B
Section 30 declares wagering agreements void and bars any suit for recovering anything won on a wager or entrusted to abide the result of a game or uncertain event. A void wager is not the same as an illegal agreement.
Q170Indian Contract Act

Where the parties to a contract agree to substitute a new contract for it, or to rescind or alter it, the original contract, under Section 62:

abecomes voidable at the option of the promisee only
bremains binding alongside the new contract
cneed not be performed
dis revived on breach of the new contract
Answer: C
Section 62 provides that on novation, rescission or alteration of a contract by agreement of the parties, the original contract need not be performed.
Q171Indian Contract Act

Under Section 11 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, every person is competent to contract who is of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject, and who is of sound mind, and is not:

aan agent of another person
ba person disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject
ca person residing outside India
da person who has not furnished consideration
Answer: B
Section 11 lays down three requirements of competency: majority, soundness of mind, and not being disqualified from contracting by any law to which the person is subject. A minor's agreement is accordingly void ab initio.
Q172Indian Contract Act

Under Section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, a 'contract' is correctly described as:

aEvery promise and every set of promises forming the consideration for each other
bAn accepted proposal supported by consideration only
cA proposal which has been accepted
dAn agreement enforceable by law
Answer: D
Section 2(h) defines a contract as 'an agreement enforceable by law'. An agreement (2(e)) becomes a contract only when it is enforceable by law.
Q173Indian Contract Act

An agreement made by a minor under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, as settled in Mohori Bibee v. Dharmodas Ghose, is:

aValid but unenforceable until ratified on majority
bVoidable at the option of the minor
cVoidable at the option of the other party
dVoid ab initio
Answer: D
The Privy Council in Mohori Bibee v. Dharmodas Ghose (1903) held that a minor is not competent to contract under Section 11, so an agreement by a minor is void ab initio.
Q174Indian Contract Act

A written and registered promise made on account of natural love and affection between parties standing in a near relation to each other is enforceable, though without consideration, by virtue of:

aSection 10 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872
bSection 25 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872
cSection 27 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872
dSection 23 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872
Answer: B
Section 25 provides exceptions to the rule that an agreement without consideration is void; the first exception covers a written and registered promise made out of natural love and affection between near relations.
Q175Indian Contract Act

Under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, a contract by which one party promises to save the other from loss caused to him by the conduct of the promisor himself or of any other person, is a contract of:

aGuarantee under Section 126
bBailment under Section 148
cPledge under Section 172
dIndemnity under Section 124
Answer: D
Section 124 defines a contract of indemnity as a contract by which one party promises to save the other from loss caused by the conduct of the promisor himself or of any other person.
Q176Indian Contract Act

Under Section 128 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the liability of the surety is:

aLimited to one-half of the principal debtor's liability
bCo-extensive with that of the principal debtor, unless otherwise provided by the contract
cSecondary and arises only after the creditor exhausts all remedies against the principal debtor
dAlways primary and independent of the principal debtor
Answer: B
Section 128 provides that the liability of the surety is co-extensive with that of the principal debtor, unless it is otherwise provided by the contract.
Q177Indian Contract Act

Under Section 141 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, where the creditor, without the consent of the surety, parts with a security he holds against the principal debtor, the surety is:

aWholly discharged from his entire liability
bNot affected, since the security belonged to the creditor
cDischarged to the extent of the value of that security
dDischarged only if he knew of the security when the suretyship was entered into
Answer: C
Under Section 141, a surety is entitled to the benefit of every security the creditor holds against the principal debtor; if the creditor parts with it without the surety's consent, the surety is discharged to the extent of the value of that security.
Q178Limitation Act

To furnish a fresh period of limitation under Section 18 of the Limitation Act, 1963, an acknowledgment of liability must be:

aIn writing signed by the party against whom the property or right is claimed, and made before the expiration of the prescribed period
bIn writing, whether signed or not, made at any time
cMade only by a registered instrument
dOral, but made before two witnesses
Answer: A
Section 18 requires the acknowledgment of liability to be in writing, signed by the party (or his agent), and made before the prescribed period has expired, whereupon a fresh period runs.
Q179Limitation Act

Under Section 19 of the Limitation Act, 1963, where part-payment of a debt is made before the expiration of the prescribed period, a fresh period of limitation is computed from the time the payment is made, provided that:

aAn acknowledgment of the payment appears in the handwriting of, or in a writing signed by, the person making it
bThe payment is made by the creditor's agent
cThe payment exceeds half of the debt due
dThe payment is made by cheque only
Answer: A
The proviso to Section 19 requires that an acknowledgment of the payment appear in the handwriting of, or in a writing signed by, the person making it, before a fresh period of limitation runs.
Q180Limitation Act

Under Section 21 of the Limitation Act, 1963, where after the institution of a suit a new plaintiff or defendant is added, the suit shall, as regards him, ordinarily be deemed to have been instituted:

aOn the date the cause of action first accrued
bOn the date the original suit was filed
cOn the date the written statement is filed
dWhen he was made a party to the suit
Answer: D
Section 21(1) provides that the suit, as regards a newly added or substituted party, is deemed instituted when he was made a party, unless the court finds the omission was due to a good-faith mistake.
Q181Limitation Act

An easement of light and air can be acquired by prescription under Section 25 of the Limitation Act, 1963 by peaceable enjoyment as of right and without interruption for a continuous period of:

aSixty years
bThirty years
cTwenty years
dTwelve years
Answer: C
Section 25 requires twenty years' uninterrupted enjoyment as of right for an easement to become absolute; the period is thirty years where the servient property belongs to the Government.
Q182Limitation Act

Section 27 of the Limitation Act, 1963 is significant because, unlike the rest of the Act which merely bars the remedy, it provides that on the expiry of the limitation period for a suit for possession of property:

aA fresh period of limitation begins to run
bThe defendant must deposit the value of the property in court
cThe plaintiff may still sue with the court's leave
dThe right to such property is itself extinguished
Answer: D
Section 27 extinguishes the right to the property itself once the period for a possession suit expires, making it the statutory basis for acquiring title by adverse possession.
Q183Limitation Act

Under Article 136 of the Schedule to the Limitation Act, 1963, the period of limitation for the execution of any decree (other than a decree granting a mandatory injunction) or order of a civil court is:

aSix years from the date of the decree
bThirty years from the date of the decree
cTwelve years from the date the decree or order becomes enforceable
dThree years from the date the decree becomes enforceable
Answer: C
Article 136 of the Schedule prescribes twelve years for execution of a decree or order of a civil court, running from when the decree becomes enforceable.
Q184Limitation Act

Under Section 3 of the Limitation Act, 1963, a suit instituted after the prescribed period of limitation shall be:

aTried on merits, the question of limitation being left for the appellate court
bReturned to the plaintiff for presentation before the proper forum
cDismissed, although limitation has not been set up as a defence
dDismissed only if the defendant pleads the bar of limitation in the written statement
Answer: C
Section 3 makes the bar of limitation mandatory: every suit, appeal or application made after the prescribed period must be dismissed, even though limitation has not been raised as a defence.
Q185Limitation Act

Section 5 of the Limitation Act, 1963, which permits condonation of delay on sufficient cause, is available to:

aSuits only
bAny appeal or application, other than an application under any of the provisions of Order XXI of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
cAny suit, appeal or application alike
dExecution applications under Order XXI CPC only
Answer: B
Section 5 applies to appeals and applications (other than Order XXI CPC applications) and does not extend to suits; sufficient cause must be shown for the delay.
Q186Specific Relief Act

Clause (ha) of Section 41 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963, inserted by the 2018 amendment, bars the grant of an injunction:

aWhere the value of the suit exceeds ten lakh rupees
bIf it would impede or delay the progress or completion of any infrastructure project, or interfere with the continued provision of relevant facility or services related thereto
cIn any suit instituted by the Central Government
dIn suits for recovery of possession of immovable property
Answer: B
Section 41(ha) was added by the 2018 amendment to prohibit injunctions that would impede or delay the progress or completion of infrastructure projects or interfere with the related facility or services that are the subject matter of such project.
Q187Specific Relief Act

Under Section 16(a) of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 (as amended in 2018), specific performance of a contract cannot be enforced in favour of a person:

aWhose contract is reduced to writing and registered
bWho has paid the entire consideration in advance
cWho has obtained substituted performance of the contract under Section 20
dWho is a minor at the date of the suit
Answer: C
Section 16(a), as substituted by the 2018 amendment, bars specific performance in favour of a person who has obtained substituted performance of the contract under Section 20.
Q188Specific Relief Act

Section 5 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963, provides that a person entitled to the possession of specific immovable property may recover it:

aBy exercising self-help within thirty days of dispossession
bIn the manner provided by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
cOnly through proceedings before a revenue authority
dOnly by way of a summary suit under Section 6
Answer: B
Section 5 provides that a person entitled to possession of specific immovable property may recover it in the manner provided by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 — i.e., an ordinary title suit, as distinct from the summary remedy under Section 6.
Q189Specific Relief Act

Under Section 6 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963, a person dispossessed of immovable property without his consent otherwise than in due course of law must bring the suit for recovery of possession within:

aThree years from the date of dispossession
bSix months from the date of dispossession
cOne year from the date of dispossession
dTwelve years from the date of dispossession
Answer: B
Section 6(2)(a) bars any suit under Section 6 after the expiry of six months from the date of dispossession. (The twelve-year period applies only to a title suit under Section 5.)
Q190Commercial Courts Act, 2015

Under Section 13 of the Commercial Courts Act, 2015, an appeal from a judgment or order of a Commercial Court (at the level of a District Judge) or a Commercial Division of a High Court lies to the Commercial Appellate Division within a period of:

aSixty days from the date of the judgment or order
bOne hundred and twenty days from the date of the judgment or order
cNinety days from the date of the judgment or order
dThirty days from the date of the judgment or order
Answer: A
Section 13(1A) prescribes a period of sixty days from the date of the judgment or order for filing an appeal before the Commercial Appellate Division.
Q191Commercial Courts Act, 2015

The proviso to Section 13 of the Commercial Courts Act, 2015 restricts appeals against orders to those orders specifically enumerated under:

aSection 96 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
bOrder XLIII of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and Section 37 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
cOrder XXXIX of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 only
dSection 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
Answer: B
The proviso to Section 13 confines appeals from orders to those enumerated under Order XLIII of the CPC (as amended by the Act) and Section 37 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.
Q192Commercial Courts Act, 2015

Under Section 10 of the Commercial Courts Act, 2015, where the subject-matter of an arbitration is a commercial dispute arising out of an international commercial arbitration filed in a High Court, the application or appeal shall be heard and disposed of by:

aThe Commercial Division of that High Court, where constituted
bThe principal civil court of original jurisdiction in the district
cThe Commercial Appellate Division directly
dThe Commercial Court exercising territorial jurisdiction
Answer: A
Section 10(1) provides that applications and appeals arising out of international commercial arbitration filed in a High Court are to be heard by the Commercial Division of that High Court, where constituted.
Q193Partnership / LLP Act

The effect of non-registration of a firm under Section 69 is that a partner of an unregistered firm cannot:

aCarry on the business of the firm at all
bBe prosecuted for an offence committed against the firm
cSue the firm or another partner to enforce a right arising from the contract or the Act
dClaim a refund of his capital under any circumstances
Answer: C
Section 69 bars a suit by a partner against the firm or co-partners, and by the firm against third parties, to enforce contractual rights unless the firm is registered and the suing partner is shown in the Register of Firms.
Q194Partnership / LLP Act

Subject to the provisions of the Act, the relation of a partner to the firm is essentially that of:

aAn agent of the firm for the purposes of its business
bAn independent contractor
cA bailee of the firm's property
dA trustee of the firm
Answer: A
Section 18 provides that, subject to the provisions of the Act, a partner is the agent of the firm for the purposes of the business of the firm; this mutual agency is the test of partnership.
Q195Partnership / LLP Act

Under the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008, a limited liability partnership is:

aA body corporate having perpetual succession, distinct from its partners
bAn association of persons that dissolves on any change of partners
cA mere aggregate of its partners with no separate legal existence
dA company within the meaning of the Companies Act, 2013
Answer: A
Section 3 of the LLP Act, 2008 declares an LLP to be a body corporate with perpetual succession and a legal entity separate from its partners; a change in partners does not affect its existence, rights or liabilities.
Q196POCSO Act

The punishment for aggravated sexual assault under Section 10 of the POCSO Act is imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than:

aTen years and may extend to imprisonment for life
bSeven years and may extend to ten years
cFive years and may extend to seven years
dThree years and may extend to five years
Answer: C
Section 10 prescribes imprisonment of not less than five years which may extend to seven years, and fine, for aggravated sexual assault under Section 9.
Q197POCSO Act

A person repeatedly makes a sexual gesture and shows pornographic content to a child with sexual intent, but makes no physical contact. The appropriate offence under the POCSO Act is:

aSexual harassment under Section 11
bSexual assault under Section 7
cAbetment under Section 16
dPenetrative sexual assault under Section 3
Answer: A
Section 11 defines sexual harassment to cover non-contact acts done with sexual intent such as sexual gestures, remarks and showing pornography; Section 12 punishes it with imprisonment up to three years and fine.
Q198Transfer of Property / Property Law / Easements

The doctrine of part performance, which bars a transferor (and persons claiming under him) from enforcing any right in respect of the property against a transferee who has taken possession in part performance of a written contract, is contained in:

aSection 53
bSection 55
cSection 52
dSection 53A
Answer: D
Section 53A of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (inserted by the Amendment Act of 1929) enacts the doctrine of part performance. It operates only as a shield, protecting the transferee's possession; it confers no title and is not a source of an independent right of action.

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